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Rye was sown in pots embedded into the ground, in non-competitive conditions. Plots differed only with kinds of ground surfaces (grass, bare soil) which affected the spectral composition of reflected sunlight. Plants growing on the ground covered with grass received more radiation in the range of far red (reflected by green tissues) than plants growing on bare soil. The plants from both plots reacted differently to the environmental conditions by creating different habits. During most of the experiment, main shoots of rye growing in the neighbourhood of grass had been much taller than those of rye growing on the bare soil; its internodes were longer and its heads heavier, and heads had more grains. The plants from the neighbourhood of bare soil had greater mass of 1000 grains, heavier mass of straw, and a higher amount of culms and heads. Also, varied development of the plants was observed in the compared plots. The plants growing in grass grew faster. The course of tillering also varied. After the emergence, more shoots appeared in the plot neighbouring with grass. In spring, more shoots appeared on the bare soil.
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With respect to their response to light, seeds are usually divided into positively photoblastic (germinating in light, but not germinating in darkness), negatively photoblastic (with opposite response), and indifferent. This division originated under laboratory conditions, where weak white light was usually used. Studying seeds under natural light conditions, it was found that the response depends on the fluence rate of the light. In strong light the germination of seeds of all types is inhibited, with the response related both to the fluence rate and to the time of exposure. The responses are transmitted by the phytochrome mechanism in its "high irradiance response" type (HIR).
The status of photochrome controlling plant photomorphogenesis is related to the spectral composition of radiation, especially in the red range. Foliage has a particularly modifying effect on the spectrum. To acquire a deeper knowledge of the spectral transmission of radiation through leaves, a detailed study has been made of green leaves of 8 plant species, as well as of the ratio of the red to far red radiation transmitted through leaves in various stages of maturity. Also studied was the spectrum of radiation transmitted through a canopy of green leaves, and of individual yellow and red leaves.
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Adaptacyjna rola fotomorfogenezy w lanach roslin

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Praca przedstawia aktualny stan badań w zakresie informacyjnej roli światła w łanach roślin. Omówiono w niej pokrótce fotoreceptory, które odbierają bodźce zawarte w strumieniu energii promienistej przekształconym przez zielone rośliny i otwierają odpowiednie drogi metaboliczne, Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na znaczenie ekologiczne reakcji fotomorfogenetyczny ch, jako mechanizmów przystosowawczych do istniejącej lub spodziewanej konkurencji, zwłaszcza na fitochromową regulację kiełkowania nasion i kształtowanie pokroju roślin.
Yield size is the product of the genetic properties of the cultivar, environmental conditions, and the applied agrotechnics, including herbicide application. In agricultural practice, cultivars with high adaptation to changeable environmental conditions and tolerant in relation to many active substances of herbicides are preferred, as this ensures the obtainment of stable yield. The aim of the work was the evaluation of the effect of different herbicides on the yield changeability of winter wheat cultivars grown in diversified environmental conditions in Lower Silesia. In the years 2010-2013, field experiment was carried out on the yield changeability of four winter wheat cultivars (Boomer, Cubus, Nadobna, and Rapsodia) depending on the herbicide and environmental conditions. Studied environments were located in two towns in the vicinity of Wrocław, with diversified soil conditions (podsolic soil and chernozem). Three herbicides with different action mechanisms were applied: Panida 330 EC (pendimethalin), Snajper 600 SC (diflufenican + isoproturon), and Axial 100 EC (pinoxaden) with adjuvant Adigor 440 EC. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used for the evaluation of the yield changeability of wheat cultivars in the particular environments. In order to group herbicides of similar effect, Ward’s method of cluster analysis was applied. Cultivar Rapsodia was characterized by significantly higher yield, whereas Nadobna gave lower yield, in particular on chernozem. The studied variants of plant protection against weeds did not diversify the yield size of winter wheat cultivars. Cultivar Cubus was characterized by higher yield stability in comparison with the other cultivars. Herbicide Panida 330 EC contributed to the higher yield changeability of the studied cultivars. The chemical may contribute to the reduction in grain yield of some winter wheat cultivars in unfavourable environmental conditions.
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