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A modification is presented of the densitometric method for quantifying of grain gliadins fractions separated by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The modification consists of producing a black and white photographic negative of gliadin electrophoregrams in light passing through the gel, and then preparing an enlarged positive on a Röntgen film. The obtained film is subjected to densitometry for quantitative determination. The modification has resulted in better resolution and lower standard deviation of the measurements.
The study was conducted on 300 turkey cocks type BUT-9, grown under optimal conditions for this kind of poultry. The feed was a typical commercial full-dose mix for turkeys. The birds were divided into 5 experimental groups. From the 3rd week of their life, they were given preparations with their drinking water. Group I was the control group, while drinking water for the test groups was enriched as follows: lactic acid (0.4%) for group II, CuSO4 in the amount of 30 mg Cu·dm-3 H2O for group III, CuSO4 (30 mg Cu-dm-3) and 0.4% of lactic acid for group IV and CuSO4 in the amount of 50 mg Cu·dm-3 for group V. Application of the preparations was terminated after 3 days, when symptoms of poisoning were observed in turkey cocks of groups II and IV, alongside increased mortality rate. Samples of drinking water were taken for analyses, and from each group 10 birds were selected for slaughter to take tissue samples (breast and leg muscles). The objective of the experiments was to determine the concentration of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Fe in the consumable tissues of turkey cocks. The study showed that the highest rate of mortality of turkey cocks was observed in the group that was given lactic acid with their drinking water, and these turkeys had increased levels of Ca, Cu, Zn and Fe. In none of the groups, the content of Zn in the breast muscle exceeded 20 mg kg-1, while the concentration of copper in all experimental groups (except the control) was above the level of 10 mg kg-1. Increased doses of copper caused an increase in the concentration of magnesium in the leg muscles, while a combination of copper supplementation with lactic acid resulted in increased accumulation of Cu in both the breast and leg muscles.
Badania były przeprowadzone na 2 grupach indyków typu ciężkiego BIG-6 (po 20 indyków w grupie). Czynnikiem doświadczalnym był 1% dodatek do paszy mieszanki ziołowej o działaniu wzmacniającym odporność organizmu na infekcje i poprawiającym przemianę materii. Doświadczenie trwało 12 tygodni. Po tym czasie pobrano krew i ubito indyczki. W pełnej krwi i tkankach (wątroba, nerka, mięsień piersiowy i udowy) oznaczono zawartość elementów mineralnych metodą ASA. Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie ziół wpłynęło na wzrost zawartości Cu, Zn, Ca i Mg oraz obniżenie zawartości Fe w pełnej krwi indyków. We wszystkich badanych tkankach stwierdzono pod wpływem ziół wzrost retencji Cu i spadek retencji K. Określone końcowe masy ciała indyków, zużycie paszy jak i wydajność rzeźna były podobne w grupach kontrolnej i doświadczalnej.
A strict field experiment was established in 1988 at the Uhrusk Experimental Station, belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, south-eastern Poland. Results pre- sented in this manuscript originate from the years 2006-2009, namely from 5 crop rota- tions and from a 16-20-year cereal monoculture. In a two-factor experiment, spring wheat of the cultivar Opatka was sown in different cropping systems. The first order factor in the experiment was the cropping system (CS): crop rotation (CR), and monoculture (M), whereas the second order factor were nitrogen doses: 90 kg N ha –1 , and 150 kg N ha –1 . The study demonstrated that wheat grain collected from CR was characterized by higher content of P, Ca, Fe and Zn compared to the grain harvested from M. Fertilization with 90 kg N ha –1 increased significantly the content of P, K, Ca, Fe and Zn in the grain compared to the fertilization with 150 kg N ha –1 . The cropping systems (CS) and nitrogen doses were observed to differentiate the content of protein and gluten in the grain. A higher content of protein was determined in the grain originating from M than in the grain harvested from CR. The content of protein and gluten was increased by the fertilization dose of 150 kg N ha –1 compared to the dose of 90 kg N ha –1.
Doświadczenie przeprowadzono na 200 indykach typu ciężkiego Big-6, które po 3 tygodniach odchowu podzielono na dwie grupy. Od tego momentu jedna z grup otrzymała do wody pit: datek biopleksu-Cu w ilości 30 mg/l wód świadczenie zakończono po 8 tygodniach oznaczając w pełnej krwi, po uprzedniej mineralizacji, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu i Fe. Dodatkowo określano liczbę hematokrytową. Zastosowanie biopleksu Cu wpłynęło na wzrost we krwi Fe i wzrostu matokrytu. Nadmiar Cu spowodował jednocześnie we krwi indyków znaczące obniżenie poziomu Ca i Mg oraz wzrost Zn i Cu. Uzyskane przyrosty masy ciała ptaków w grupach doświadczalnych były podobne.
Scientific research has demonstrated that different compounds containing copper are capable of stimulating body weight gains, improving the health of animals and attaining high production performance without causing excessive accumulation of various chemical compounds in animal tissues. Besides, copper has been reported to exert a positive effect on the immune system, haematological blood markers and the microbiological balance in the gastrointestinal tract of turkeys. The experiment was conducted on 60 BUT-9 line turkeys. The birds were divided into 5 experimental groups. Each group included 12 turkeys kept in cages. The bird were reared for 19 weeks. The first group served as control. Group II received CuSO4 added to water in a dose of 10 mg Cu dm–3 H2O. Group III was com posed of birds administered a Cu chelate with lysine in a dose of 10 mg Cu dm–3 H2O. Group IV received CuSO4 in a dose of 20 mg Cu dm–3 H2O, whereas group V were given a Cu-lysine supplement in a dose of 20 mg Cu dm–3 H2O. The birds were fed commercial complete feed mixes. The copper preparations were added to drinking water since the 3rd week of rearing. The objective of this study has been to determine the effect of Cu supplementation in the organic and inorganic form and in two doses on the health of birds and on accumulation of minerals in their breast muscle and liver. Further analyses involved the determination of haematological and biochemical markers in blood as well as assays of selected minerals in the birds’ blood, breast muscle and liver. The analysis of the results indicated that the doses of copper improved the health of the turkeys, as verified by better haematological markers. Statistically significant difference appeared in the group receiving 20 mg Cu dm–3 H2O irrespective of the chemical form in which copper was administered. The study also shows that Cu supplementation has a significant effect on the metabolism of lipids and a non-significant impact on the content of mineral elements in the analyzed tissues. It was not until the 20 mg dose of Cu as a chelate had been applied that the accumulation of copper in the turkey’s liver was enhanced.
A study has been undertaken to determine the effect of different cultivation conditions for spring wheat cv. Koksa on the total ash, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in wheat grain. The study was conducted at Uhursk Experimental Farm (51o18’12½N, 23o36’50½E) of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, in 2008-2010. The experimental factors were: 1) systems of soil tillage: ploughing and ploughless, 2) doses of nitrogen: 90 and 150 kg ha–1, and 3) preceding crop: pea and soy. The objective was to evaluate the impact of different soil tillage systems, doses of nitrogen fertilizers and preceding crops on the content of mineral components in the grain of spring wheat cv. Koksa. The study demonstrated that ploughless tillage increased the content of total ash, Zn and Cu, while ploughing tillage raised the content of K, Mg and Mn in the grain. A standard dose of nitrogen (90 kg ha–1) facilitated the accumulation of K, Fe, Zn and Cu, whereas a higher nitrogen dose (150 kg N ha–1) elevated the content of total ash and Mn in grain of spring wheat. The grain of wheat cultivated after pea was characterized by a higher content of Ca, Fe and Zn, whereas that cultivated after soy contained more total ash, K and Mn.
Badania przeprowadzono na 2 grupach indorów typu Big-6 podczas 16-tygodniowego odchowu. Czynnikiem doświadczalnym był dodatek miedzi w formie chelatu z lizyną w ilości 10 mg Cu-dm-3H2O. Celem badań było określenie wpływu miedzi jako dodatku do wody pitnej na masę ciała oraz kumulację składników mineralnych w wybranych tkankach indyków. Wykazano, że dodatek chelatu spowodował zwiększenie końcowej masy ciała indorów, natomiast nie wpłynął w znaczący sposób na masę analizowanych tkanek. Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie Cu wpłynęło na wzrost zawartości Cu, Zn i Fe we wszystkich badanych tkankach. Największą retencję Cu wykazano w przypadku wątroby, natomiast najmniejsze ilości tego pierwiastka kumulowały się w mięśniach piersiowych ptaków. Długotrwała aplikacja miedzi nie spowodowała nadmiernej kumulacji tego składnika w nerkach i mięśniach indyków, co nie stanowiło zagrożenia dla zdrowia konsumentów, gdyż jej zawartość nie przekraczała dopuszczalnych norm (5 mg-kg-1; wg PN-A-86524:1994).
Five different extrudatcs were produced that were composed of ground oats, oat flour and corn groats. These substrates were used in different proportions: extrudates E1 and E5 did not contain corn groats but oats products only. The remaining extrudates (E2, E3, E4) contained corn groats and oats substrates in similar proportions. In the extrudates as well as in the mixtures of initial components the content was determined of basic components, i.e. of protein, fat, starch and fiber fractions. Extrudates were also subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro to determine the protein and starch digestibility coefficients. It was shown that the process of extrusion did not cause significant changes in the content of protein total and starch and it decreased raw fat content. A favourable effect was found of extrusion on a decrease in the amount of insoluble dietary fibre and an increase in soluble fiber fraction. In the studies of apparent digestibility, it was shown that oat substrates subjected to extrusion had better coefficients of protein and starch digestibility; however, increasing the proportion of ground oats in the extrudates decreased digestibility coefficients.
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