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Koszty związane ze zdrowiem sportowców to nie tylko nakłady na opiekę zdrowotną i poprawę warunków treningu, ale również koszty, związane ze skutkami negatywnych zjawisk dotyczących urazów i kontuzji. Funkcjonalność organizmu jest kluczowa do realizacji maksymalnych obciążeń treningowych. Dysfunkcje w obrębie układu stabilizacyjnego skutkują nieprawidłową pracą mięśni głębokich (stabilizujących), co wpływa negatywnie na pracę mięśni powierzchownych generujących ruch. Celem badań była ocena efektywności stosowania programu profilaktyki urazów wśród wysokokwalifikowanych sportowców. Badania przeprowadzono wśród 17 zawodniczek ekstraligowego klubu piłki nożnej MKS Olimpia Szczecin. W badaniach zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego opartego na Raporcie Medycznym Polskiego Związku Piłki Nożnej. Analizie poddano zagadnienia związane z przebytymi kontuzjami w okresie 18 miesięcy, w których wprowadzono program profilaktyki urazów oparty na ćwiczeniach funkcjonalnych i stabilizacyjnych. W przebiegu stosowania ćwiczeń stabilizacyjnych oraz funkcjonalnych zauważono istotny spadek występowania kontuzji wśród badanych zawodniczek. Proponowany program profilaktyki urazów w sporcie może być rekomendowany w sporcie wysokokwalifikowanym.
Introduction. One of the main factors influencing the efficiency of basketball shooting is visual control. Proper visual fixation toward the hoop and backboard during shooting is necessary for preprogramming various movement parameters, e.g. direction, force, velocity, timing and limb coordination. Aim of Study. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between gaze behavior and shooting efficiency in basketball. Material and Methods. Six collegiate basketball players performed jump shots off the dribble at six various positions around the goal (perimeter and distance, beyond the three-point line). A mobile binocular Eye Tracking System (SMI ETG 2w, Germany) was used to record the numbers of fixation points, gaze-stabilizing fixation points (quiet-eye) and total fixation time during dynamic shot tasks. SMI BeGaze software and SMI Semantic Gaze Mapping technology were used for data analysis. Differences between the variables related to shot accuracy and distance from the backboard were calculated. Results. The results showed that the average total fixation time for accurate shots was 916 ms, with an average two points of fixation. There was a significant difference in the number of fixation points related to perimeter and distance shots. Distance shots were characterized by a greater number of fixation points than close shots (3.3 vs 2.5, p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the number of fixation points, number of gaze-stabilizing fixation points and total fixation time in relation to shot accuracy. Conclusion. It was concluded that gaze behavior had a partial impact on shooting efficiency. Moreover, the distance from the backboard had a significant influence on the gaze behavior of basketball players during the execution of jump shots.
We assessed the effect of physical effort with increasing intensity on the visuomotor processing in physically active young men (n = 2 2). Subjects performed three 10-minute effort-tests with increasing intensity on a cycloergometer. Each participant was assigned individual workload values below the lactate threshold (40% VO2max), at the lactate threshold (60% VO2max) and above the lactate threshold (80% VO2max). Special Ability Signal Test included in the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria) was used to examine visuomotor processing. The numbers of correct reactions and the median reaction time as a measure of the speed of the detection process were analyzed. Four Signal test recordings were taken: pre-exercise and immediately after the three subsequent effort tests. The numbers of correct reactions increased after the first effort (40% VO2max) in comparison to the pre-exercise state and then significantly decreased after the third effort test (80% VO2max). In contrast, no significant changes in time of signal detection were observed. Physical effort with high intensity might disturb the visuomotor processing in accordance to the accuracy of the visuospatial differentiation of the relevant signal within irrelevant signals.
One of the important aspects of attentional processes in sport performance is sustained attention during task execution. The objective of this study was to analyze the ability to maintain attention during a serial reaction time task performance in expert handball players (n = 12) and non-athletes (n = 12). Participants perform a FitLight TrainerTM (Fitlight Sports Corp., Canada) test protocol configured by the PDA controller which consisted of 10 series of simple motor reaction task to visual stimuli appearing on 8 wireless light discs. Each of the 10 series included 22 reactions. Ability to maintain attention was determined by analyzing the variability in results during testing, e.g. the total time of test execution and the average reaction time to visual stimulus in each subsequent series. The main finding in our study was that Non-athletes in comparison to Athletes had: (1) longer total time of test execution; (2) longer reaction time; (3) and higher variability in results during task performance. The results indicate a higher level of ability to maintain attention in handball players.
Introduction. The quality of the lessons conducted is influenced by among others, the test results of biomechanics in the sphere of the teachings of sport and science of physical education. Therefore, the aim of this research was to obtain knowledge about the influence of selected external factors on the loads of the lower limbs during Gyaku-Zuki karate punch. Material and Methods. The analyses took into account a Karate athlete holding 2nd dan black belt. During the examination, he was performing right and left Gyaku-Zuki punch starting from zenkutsu-dachi (without a physical target or into a board measuring 30 × 20 cm and one inch thick). Two dynamometric Kistler platforms (Kistler force plate, Type 9286AA, Kistler, Switzerland) were used for examination. The maximum ground pressure (P) for the left and right leg during Gyaku-Zuki performance was recorded while the Karate athlete was hitting the wooden board or had no target (into the air). Results. The following values were registered: punch without target – front foot 1150.27-1329.72 N, back foot 621.78-748.13 N; punch on the board: front foot 912.28-697.76 N, back foot 721.44-670.63 N. Conlusions. The research conducted indicates that during the course of administering a blow with the fist, namely Gyaku-Zuki, the leg thrust forward bears more weight (the leg opposed to the hand administering the blow). The occurrence of a motionless object that constitutes the target of the blow, or its lacking, have an impact on the pressure force on both feet of the karate fighter, while blows administered to a wooden board reduces the pressure force of the feet on the floor.
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