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Substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and galanin (GAL), present in primary sensory neurons, are involved in transmission of nociceptive signaling from the peripheral to central nervous system. In this study we investigated the effect of GAL on SP-induced or VIP-induced evoked tongue jerks (ETJ) in response to noxious tooth pulp stimulation during perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with SP or VIP solutions. The experiments were carried out on rats under chloralose anesthesia. It was shown that both, SP and VIP, perfused through the cerebral ventricles enhanced the ETJ amplitude as compared with control, but the effect produced by SP was stronger. The intracerebroventricular perfusion of GAL 5 minutes before SP caused a dose-dependent inhibition of SP-induced ETJ, whereas GAL perfused through the cerebral ventricles 5 minutes before VIP did not reduce the excitatory effect of VIP on ETJ. These results indicate that the antinociceptive effect of GAL perfused through the cerebral ventricles, tested on the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex in rats, is specifically mediated by the SP-ergic system.
Disorders involving the orofacial area represent a major medical and social problem. They are a consequence of central nociceptive processes associated with stimulation of the trigeminal nerve nucleus. A rat model of trigeminal pain, utilizing tongue jerks evoked by electrical tooth pulp stimulation during perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with various neuropeptide solutions, can be used in the pharmacological studies of nociception in orofacial area. The investigated neuropeptides diffuse through the cerebroventricular lining producing an analgesic effect either directly, through the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex arc neurons or indirectly through the periaqueductal central gray, raphe nuclei or locus coeruleus neurons. The aim of this review is to present the effect of pharmacological activity of various neuropeptides affecting the transmission of the sensory information from the orofacial area on the example of trigemino-hypoglossal reflex in rats.
Opioids administered by intracerebroventricular injections produce analgesic responses in rats. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of a highly selective m-opioid receptor ligand morphiceptin on trigemino-hypoglossal reflex in rats. The analgesic effect of morphiceptin was compared with another opioid peptide, Met-enkephalin. With the experimental settings used in this study, we have demonstrated that both morphiceptin and Met-enkephalin show significant dose-dependent analgesic effects after i.c.v. administration in rats as assayed by trigemino-hypoglossal reflex test. The antinociceptive response to Met-enkephalin was short lasting and was observed 10 to 15 min after i.c.v. perfusion. Morphiceptin had a relatively longer duration of antinociceptive action, the effect was observed 20- 50 min after i.c.v. perfusion. Neither morphiceptin nor Met-enkephalin produced antinociception after peripheral injections. The results of the present study indicate that both tested peptides act at µ-opioid receptors situated in the central nervous system. They also suggest that µ-opioid receptors present in the central nervous system are an important element of the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex arc. For that reason selective m-opioid receptor ligands, like morphiceptin, inhibit the reflex more significantly.
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