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To investigate secondary pollution issued during the preparation of sintered brick from waterquenched yellow phosphorus slag, the composition of slag was experimentally measured in this study. The thermal conversion process and gas phase products associated with S-, P-, F-, and As-containing species present in the heating system were theoretically calculated by means of thermochemical software FactSage 7.0 and databases. The results showed that F and As were released at 700ºC and the gaseous products contained AsF₃. Also, large amounts of F remained in solid CaF₂ and Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂. At a calcination temperature of 900ºC, all As was transferred into gaseous AsF₃ and S started to convert into gaseous SO₂ and SO₃. Other data suggested that the released amounts of SO₂ and SO₃ increased as calcination temperature rose. At calcination temperatures ranging from 100-1000ºC, all P existed as solid Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂. These findings indicated that low calcination temperatures were beneficial for reducing released harmful gases during the production of sintered brick.
Precipitation is an important element in the hydrological cycle in mountainous regions. Temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and in its two phases – rain and snow – over the northern and southern aspects of the slopes of the Tianshan Mountains are compared and analyzed using 55-year data (1961-2015). The results of the analysis are as follows: 1) The average annual precipitation shows an upward trend: rainfall on the northern slopes increase by 6.7 mm per decade and that on the southern slopes by 6.4 mm per decade; the corresponding figures for snow are 2.0 mm and 4.2 mm; and the ratio of snowfall to precipitation (S/P) showed a weak decreasing trend on both the slopes. 1) At a confidence level of 0.05, the M-K test shows that rain, snow, and S/P increased after the change point, while rain and snow change significantly in the proportions,but S/P does not. 2) On the northern slopes, the periodicity of major changes is 25 years for rain and 30 years for snow, whereas on the southern slopes the pattern is the exact opposite, the periodicity of major changes being 25 years for rain and 30 years for snow.
We studied the quantity and spatial and dynamic changes of land use and ecosystem service functions in Nanping City from 1995 to 2015 using of Landsat TM / ETM images in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2005, and 2015. The results show that the main land use types in the study area were forest land, cultivated land, and grassland, and the rapid growth rate of forest land was in sharp contrast with the decrease of cultivated land. In the conversion of six land use types, conversions among the forest land, cultivated land, and grassland were the most frequent. The forest was spatially schistose distribution and the grassland was clustered in the central and eastern parts, and the construction land was clustered to the central urban area, and the cultivated land was particularly broken, and the distribution pattern changes of the water area and unused land were not obvious. The dynamic changes of cultivated land, construction land, and unused land were more intense and their stability were worse, and the activity of land use in the study area was also increasing. The value of ecosystem services in Nanping was on the rise, and the contribution rate of forest ecosystem services was the highest, which accounted for more than 85% of the whole ecosystem service function, followed by grassland and cultivated land. The contribution rate of water area and unused land decreased less, while the contribution rate of unused land was minimal. Population is one of the driving factors that affect land use changes and the value of ecosystem services in Nanping.
Estimation of tree biomass is an essential part of studies on carbon sequestration and cycling in forest ecosystem. Small trees grow in the understory and allometric development is different from that of mature trees. However, less attention has been paidto biomass estimates of small trees, especially in mixedforest where tree competition is intensive. Tree allometric equations at both branch level andat whole tree level were, thus, developed and compared for the small trees of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) in a mixedstandin northeastern China. At branch level, the best model for live branch biomass was one which used a combination of branch diameter, branch length, whorl position and relative branch depth. For needle biomass, the best model did not significantly improve the estimate with more variables. At whole tree level, stem diameter at breast height (DBH) was a significant determinant of biomass for different components. Tree height did not significantly improve biomass estimation at all. Tree crown variables provedto be useful for estimating all biomass components except the fine roots. The variable measuring abovegroundcompetition intensity was a significant negative determinant of biomass components except canopy biomass. Comparisons to published equations for the same species growing in Heilongjiang province in northeastern China andin central South Korea, were also presented. Both total aboveground biomass and belowground biomass in our study showed somewhat smaller values for a given diameter than the trees growing in other two places.
The purpose of the study was to define transient changes in the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers and cartilage biomarkers in the synovial fluid of joints following experimentally induced acute equine synovitis. Acute synovitis was induced in eight skeletal!) mature mares by a sterile intra-articular injection of 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5 ng of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The solution was injected into the right middle carpal joint. One mL of sterile PBS was injected into the left control joint. Synovial fluid was obtained at the baseline level and at 8, 24, and 168 h after injection. The levels of inflammatory biomarkers-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin 1ß (IL-1 ß), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cartilage turnover biomarkers-collagenase-cleavage neoepitope of type II collagen (C2C) and C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II) were detected with proper assays. Single injections of LPS raised the number of svnovial white blood cells and concentrations of total protein, PGE2, IL-Iß, TNF-α, C2C, and CTX-II. PGE2 and IL-1 ß rose sharply at 8 h, while TNF-α increased steadily through 8 h and 24 h, at that point; these three factors returned to the baseline level by 168 h. The time course of C2C and CTX-II concentrations peaked sharply at 24 h, and continued to be significant!) elevated over the baseline level even at 168 h. Injections of LPS into the joints led to a temporal inflammatory response, which in turn increased local release of inflammatory biomarkers and significantly altered the concentrations of cartilage markers in the synovial fluid.
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