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The intrabreed and interbreed genetic diversity of Lithuanian cattle breeds - two native, namely Lithuanian Light Grey and Lithuanian White-Backed and two modern, namely Lithuanian Red and Lithuanian Black and White was investigated by determination of genetic markers: 4 milk protein systems, Alphass1-casein, Kappa-casein, Beta-casein and Beta-lactoglobulin, which are comprised of 12 different milk protein types. According to results, the B type of Alphasl-casein was found as predominant in all four studied breeds. The most common A and B types of Kappa-casein were found at high frequency in all investigated cattle breeds. All investigated Lithuanian dairy cattle breeds had high frequency of Beta-lactoglobulin whey protein B types, with the highest frequency in Lithuanian Red breed, and the lowest in Lithuanian Light Grey. After investigation the diversity of alleles and genotypes of milk proteins in Lithuanian dairy cattle breeds was determined that, Lithuanian Red breed was distinguished private C allele and BC genotype of Beta-lactoglobulin and CC genotype of Alphasl-casein. The interbreed genetic diversity was estimated by a principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC) explains 63.39% and the second principal component (PC) explains 33.67% of the genetics diversity between the breeds. Principal component analysis, suggests the hypothesis that native Lithuanian White Backed and Lithuanian Light Grey breeds still have traits tracing to old native populations.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in 4 different genes: growth hormone (GH), leptin (LEP), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) on fattening and carcass traits in pigs. The polymorphisms of the porcine genes and their relationships with performance traits were analysed in 143 unrelated pigs, belonging to 5 different breeds (Lithuanian White, old-type Lithuanian White, Large White, Landrace and Yorkshire) and 3 groups of crossbreeds (Large White × Landrace, Yorkshire × Large White, Yorkshire × Pietrain). It was found, that MYF5 polymorphism (Y17154.1: g2200G>C) influenced fattening traits with the highest daily weight gain stated in CC genotype. The most preferable LEP polymorphism (TaqI) (U66254.1: g.1112G>A) was AG genotype with lower age to achieve 100 kg of body weight and average backfat thickness, and higher meatness and weight of ham. It was found that pigs with TT genotype in LEP polymorphism (HinfI) (U66254.1: g.3469T>C) had better carcass properties in comparison to other genotypes. These pigs had also the highest meatness and the lowest average backfat thickness. The preferable GHRH polymorphism (JX435113.1: g.405A>C) genotype was CC with the highest daily weight gain. The most desirable TT genotype of LEP polymorphism (HinfI) (U66254.1: g.3469T>C) was found with the highest frequency in Landrace breed. The highest frequency of the most desirable CC genotype of GHRH gene was found in Yorkshire pig breed. So, from all examined genes LEP and GHRH genes polymorphisms seem to be the most preferable biomarkers of pig selection process.
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