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The reactivity of rat blood leukocytes after recurrent blood losses was examined. The blood samples were collected from the heart, three times in seven-day intervals. The volume of each sample was approximately 15% of the total blood volume. The functional changes in leukocytes were determined utilizing a test of radial segmentation of nuclei (RS) in mononuclear leukocytes and a test of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast phagocytosis. Our results demonstrate that sequential blood loss induced a decrease in the number of mononuclear cells indicating RS from 21.2% after 1st blood sampling up to 13% and 14% in following samplings: a decrease in number of phagocytic granulocytes from 49.5% after 1st blood sampling up to 41% and 39.3% after 2nd and 3rd sampling, respectively; and an increase in the number of phagocytic mononuclear blood cells from 8.5% after the 1st sampling up to 9.2% and 12.7% after the 2nd and 3rd blood samplings respectively. We affirm that this frequent blood loss modified the reactivity of blood leukocytes but did not change the WBC quantity in blood.
The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of feed restriction on the reactivity of lymphatic structures of the white spleen pulp in chickens; it lasted 49 days and used Leghorn breed chickens. During the last period of the study some of the chickens received the same diet as earlier, but were also subjected to skip-a-day regimen (chicken were deprived of feed 1 day and consumed feed on the alternate day). The material was taken on the 49th day of the experiment, after 14 or 21 days of feed restriction and body weight, relative weight of the spleen, Bursa of Fabricius and adrenal glands were evaluated. The number of germinal centres was analysed on the spleen sections as well as the reaction to acid phosphates (APh) which was evaluated in the mature and newly formed germinal centres (I and II type) and in the periellipsoidal (PEL) and periarterioral (PAL) lymphatic tissue. It was determined that feed access restriction causes not only a decrease in body weight but also, through its action as a stressor agent, leads to a decrease in the weight of the lymphatic organs (spleen and Bursa of Fabricius). The APh reaction analysis showed its diversified intensity in the investigated structures of the spleen. The feed deprivation period lasting 14 days resulted in a change in the mutual relations of both types of germinal centres (increase in the number of newly formed centres in comparison to the number of mature centres). This was accompanied by the activation of APh reactions in II type centres and in the PAL. The mature germinal centres (I type) and periellipsoidal lymphatic tissue (PEL) appeared to be less sensitive to the applied experimental factor. However, prolonging fodder access restrictions up to 21 days, led to a weakening of the APh reaction in all the examined spleen structures. The obtained results indicate the essential role that nutritional factors play in the lymphatic systems reactivity, as well as displaying the complexity of the mechanisms of lymphatic system activity disorders in birds exposed to stressors.
Tests performed in 2013 and 2014 revealed the occurrence of three tick species parasitizing pet cats and dogs in the Wrocław Agglomeration. In total, 1,455 tick specimens were removed from 931 hosts (760 dogs and 171 cats) in 18 veterinary clinics. The dominant tick species was Ixodes ricinus (n=1272; 87.4%), followed by I. hexagonus (n=137; 9.4%) and Dermacentor reticulatus (n=46; 3.2%). Females were the most often collected development stage among I. ricinus and D. reticulatus, and nymphs among I. hexagonus. Additionally, D. reticulatus ticks (n=337) were then collected from vegetation in the Wrocław area to detect Babesia canis; however, none was found positive. Only 9.0% of dog blood samples sent to VETLAB were positive for Babesia spp. Negative results for B. canis from ticks may result from the short period of the occurrence of D. reticulatus in the Wrocław area and therefore the vectorpathogen cycle may not have been fully established at the time of the study. Nevertheless, D. reticulatus is expanding its range, and the size of its population in the Wrocław Agglomeration is increasing. The presence of the pathogenic Babesia spp. combined with the occurrence of its main vector¸ D. reticulatus, suggests that the epizootiological situation in the area can change and may pose a new veterinary problem in the future.
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