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This paper deals with determinants of physical fitness and of a value system of the Polish Handball Federation's [Polski Związek Piłki Ręcznej] referees (N=61). The reference group theory describing the transfer of a value system within a group of referees constitutes the theoretical foundation of the paper.The referees' age ranged from 19 to 59 years (M=30.56 years SD=7.16 years). The measurement was carried out by means of the Scheler Values Scale constructed by Piotr Brzozowski and the Questionnaire of Ethics constructed by Wiesław Baryła and Bogdan Wojciszke.The results of the six basic hierarchies of values were analysed: sanctity, hedonistic, vital, aesthetic, truth, and moral. Comparisons of data obtained from a group of referees preferring common good ethics with referees showing low acceptance of the common good ethics have not revealed a considerably higher acceptance rate only in the case of values of truth and aesthetics values.The remaining hierarchies demonstrated considerable statistical variance. Further research on the determinants of referees' moral behaviours should focus on determining the impact of the subject's sex and a change in temperament traits on the development of a refereeing career.
Breeding of (outbred) selective lines of laboratory mouse was initiated in Warsaw University of Life Sciences about 40 years ago. It bred Heavy (C) and Light (L) mice selected opposite for body weight at weaning (21st day of life), S mice line selected for higher testes weight, and control (K) mice without selection. All lines have identical genetic background, but different directions of selections caused diversification of specific phe-notypic traits between them. The purpose of this study was to compare semen quantity and quality parameters in outbred C, K, L and S male mice in the context of measurements of average body and testes weight for each line. Research materials were seminal fluids squeezed out of the vas deferens from 20 outbred C, K, L and S male mice (5 males per group). Animals had been euthanized, and necropsy was performed. Body and testes weight was measured. Also sperm concentration, viability (by Eosin test), cytoplasmic membrane integrity degree (HOS test), sperm head morphology and maturity were estimated. It was shown that S male mice, which have much higher testes weight, also have a significant increase of viable spermatozoa according to control line. Moreover, sperm concentration from S males is at least two times higher than in other selective lines.
Background: The concept of ethical codes describes and explains morality of modern sportspersons. Authors of the article constructed a tool for assessing methods of moral behaviour in sport on the basis of the concept of ethical codes. The aim of this work is to present a tool for assessing a profile of moral behaviour of people involved in sport (both competitors, coaches and sports activists). Material/Methods: The Questionnaire of Sports Ethics consists of 52 statements which are classified into 5 scales that correspond to specific ethical codes. Respondents assess to what extent a form of behaviour described in the questionnaire is proper (praiseworthy, mark 3) or improper (needed to be condemned, mark −3). Results: The new tool is both reliable and accurate. Conclusions: A theory of 5 ethical codes organizes a multitude of worldview thoughts explaining the way of activities assessment in the sphere of sport depending on the culture.
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