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Four methods of cellulose preparation was applied for samples of natural cellulose from Merck and pinewood. The methods insist on successive solvent exchanges, which allows cellulose structure to open for the action of LiCl/dimethylacetamide. The samples were investigated by size exclusion chromatography in order to obtain molar mass distribution of cellulose. The results confirm that the activation is the crucial step of sample preparation. Incomplete dissolution of swollen cellulose is suggested as the major reason of determination errors. The preferred procedure consists of water swelling, solvent exchange for methanol or acetone, subsequent exchange by pure DMAc and finally dissolution in 8%LiCl/DMAc at room temperature.
The article presents the results of a test on the resistance of Neolithic waterlogged beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) to destruction by subterranean Reticulitermes lucifugus Rossi. Methodology consistent with the ASTM D 3345-08 Standard was applied in the experiment. In the coercion test, the modern beech wood was destroyed at an intermediate stage between light attack and moderate attack with penetration, whereas the pine sapwood was heavily damaged. Under the same conditions, the waterlogged beech wood was seriously damaged or completely destroyed by the termites. However, unlike the modern pine and beech wood, all the termites died after feeding on the waterlogged beech wood. In spite of the complete destruction of the waterlogged beech wood in the coercion test, it seems that under natural conditions where there is a possible choice between different wood species, the infestation by termites of waterlogged wood uncovered in archaeological work does not necessarily happen. Wood containing few nutritional substances and substantial lignin, as well as having a high moisture content facilitating the development of parasitic microorganisms, will deter termites.
The aim of the study was to compare the content of some chemical substances in a bark of about 3−year−old fast−growing poplars Populus deltoides × maximowiczii and Populus trichocarpa with literature data on the chemical composition of a bark of older deciduous trees. The Populus deltoides × maximowiczii and Populus trichocarpa material were obtained from the Wolica experimental field belonging to the Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology at Warsaw University of Life Sciences. Using the standard laboratory procedures, the chemical composition of the bark was examined, i.e. the content of extractives and mineral substances, cellulose, lignin and the content of soluble substances in 1% NaOH. The cellulose content in the bark of the 3−year−old poplars tested was higher by from 10 to 23% in relation to its content in the bark of older trees. Whereas, the content of lignin in the bark of the 3−year−old poplars was lower by from 10 to 20% compared to its content in the bark of other older trees. It was found that based on the data obtained, it is difficult to clearly determine which of the generally accepted factors affect the content of mineral substances and substances soluble in 1% NaOH in the bark. However, the content of extractives soluble in a mixture of ethanol and benzene (1:1) w/w, chloroform and ethanol (93:7) w/w as well as cellulose and lignin in the bark depends on the species, age, habitat conditions of the trees and the height of the trunk from which the samples were collected.
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