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Spelt is one of the oldest subspecies of wheat, known already from the stoneage. Over time it has been supplanted by modern wheat varieties, but in recent years the cultivation of spelt is undergoing its renaissance. To a large extent this is related to the development of organic farming and increasing interest of consumers in so-called healthy food. Compared with common wheat, spelt wheat grain contains more minerals and proteins, but its processing is more difficult and expensive. One of the problems in cultivation of spelt wheat is susceptibility of winter varieties grown in Europe to lodging. The aim of the two-year field study conducted in the Agricultural Experimental Station Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute in Winna Gora was to determine the effectiveness of different growth regulators used in the spelt wheat crops. The following preparations were tested: ethephon, trinexapac ethyl, trinexapac ethyl + chlormequat chloride and prohexadione calcium. The evaluated parameters were: plant height, internodes length and the yield. Shortening effect was observed on all plots with growth regulators used. The best effect was obtained after the application of a mixture of trinexapac ethyl + chlormequat chloride.
MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid is a common synthetic auxin used as a herbicide. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of four new forms of MCPA being the herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) with MCPA as an anion and two previously known formulations (potassium–sodium salt and 2-ethylhexyl ester) on seed germination and seedling development of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Rape plants are susceptible to MCPA and volunteers can be a big problem in crop rotation. Seedling fresh weight and root length were quantified, mitotic activity, as well as lipid, starch, hydrogen peroxide and polyphenol contents were assessed by light and fluorescence microscopy and the computer-aided cytophotometer. In primary roots mitotic activity was almost completely inhibited under the influence of herbicides, cell elongation zones and root hair zones were significantly reduced, and a characteristic bolded root segment formed just above a meristem. In contrast to the traditional salt formulation the new HILs were weak inducers of hydrogen peroxide synthesis, but were potent stimulators of the synthesis of phenolic compounds and storage as well as emergency substances such as lipids and starch. All tested forms of MCPA caused strong phytotoxic effect on winter rape seedlings, but the tested HILs were more effective.
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