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Clinical, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Bio- ketan-Biowet (ketamine 100 mg/ml) used alone and Bioketan supplemented by xylazine were compared in dogs. The duration of Bioketan (35 mg/kg, im) action was short, muscle tone and salivation were excessive and heart rate increased significantly. There was also psycho-motoral excitation during recovery time. These side effects were eliminated by a combination of xylazine-Bioketan (xylazine - 2.0 mg/kg, im and Bioketan - 20 mg/kg, im). With that composition the degree of muscle relaxation, level of sedation and analgesia were higher, stable surgical tolerance longer and tachycardia of a lower value than with Bioketan used separately. Parameters of ventilation and acid- -base balance were within physiological range all the time but the cardiac output (Ca-v02) decreased transiently and arterial blood pressure increased at the beginning of anaesthesia. A composition of Bioketan with xylazine thoroughly relaxed muscle action and allowing the reduction of the drug doses and therefore making anaesthesia infusion safer.
On the basis of data from literature and author’s own experiments, characteristics of anesthesia by a continuous infusion have presented. This type of procedure reduces the potent dose of short-acting anesthetics. Their clinical specificity is better used and their disadvantageous influence on respiratory and cardiovascular function partly eliminated. Continuous administering of a low concentrate solution of agents is safer than a traditional way of application (dosis singularis). The described method allows for a more effective control of the level and time of surgical tolerance.
A mixture containing Xylazine (30 mg), Ketamine (150 mg), fentanyl (0.1 mg), and guaifenasin (5000 mg) in 100 ml of 5% glucose solution was infused intra venously in 7 healthy adult dogs. Anesthesia was induced with an initial dose (0.55 ml/kg) of the mixture administered rapidly as a bolus and then maintained by a constant infusion at a rate of 2 ml/kg/h. The induction was without excitation, the state of surgical tolerance was stable at the level 3/III, and after an average of 40 min afer the end of the infusion the dogs were able to stand up. There was noted bradycardia in the first period of anesthesia. This was connected with a decrease of cardiac output. At the same time the frequency of breaths and the minute ventilation volume decreased causing a temporary respiratory acidosis. The dose of both Xylazine and Ketamine needed for performance of anesthesia was 5 times lower than the doses of these agents used separately in a traditional way. This composition, in the suggested concentrations and used as a drip facilitated control of the level and time of anesthesia, is an alternative to the simple and safe procedure of infusion anesthesia.
Conditions common to foals in the neonatal period that may result in a requirement for blood and plasma transfusion or augmentation of oxygen carrying capacity have been discussed. Methods of recognition and management of massive blood loss, isoerythrolysis in a foal were described. Administering colostrum, plasma or other products because of the failure of passive transfer has been presented. The use of hyperimmune plasma in first days of life as an effective method for protection against acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals is reviewed. Detailed information about the range of blood and derivative products, oxygen carrying substances, indications and methods of administration, monitoring the patient in the field and hospital condition are given. Prevention, recognition and treatment of possible post-transfusion reactions are described.
This paper presents the significance and range for the application of blood transfusion in horses. The main objective of total blood transfusion is to help improve oxygen delivery to the tissues during anemia; nonetheless, it is considered a temporary lifesaving procedure that should be only used if necessary. The majority of transfused erythrocytes remain in the circulation for an average of 5 days (after cross matching), which is why bone marrow response to the anemic crisis is crucial to the overall recovery. The short life span of transfused cells is likely due to minor antigenic incompatibilities that could have been detected if blood-typing of the donor and recipient had been performed. Over 30 different erythrocyte antigens (alloantigens) consisting of eight blood groups have been identified in horses, accounting for more than 400,000 phenotypes. The possibility of identifying a completely compatible recipient is nearly impossible, but cross matching can help prevent severe transfusion reactions. The paper describes techniques for donor selection, blood collection and storage, ways of administration whole blood and blood products. A detailed description of possible transfusion complications and methods of treatment can prevent serious life threatening conditions.
The size of the optimum Xylazinum 2%-Polfa doses are determined for intramuscular and intravenous injection in horses, cows and sheep. In horses reaction of cardiovascular and respiratory system is tested after the injection of xylazine. It was found that xylazine premedication is characterized by a high degree of safety which result from a slight influence of the agent on circulatory and respiratory functions. The neuroanalgetic immobilization caused by a high dose enables diagnostic and ambulatory work less painful and it also enables preparation of animals for operation and transport. Xylasine used separately does not guarantee a full surgical tolerance. In premedication with xylasine a degree of muscle relaxation, level of sedation and analgesia in higher than with phenothiazine derivatives. Therefore, it makes more easy a local anesthesia. It also gives better conditions for recumbency of animals in inhalation anesthesia. The cooperation of xylazine with muscle relaxants (quazfenesin) and anesthetics (halothane, ketamine) allows to reduce their potent dose restraining risk of complications and to shortener period of recovery.
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