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Przedstawiono pochodne instrumenty pogodowe jako narzędzia ograniczenia ryzyka w rolnictwie. Obecnie dostępne na rynku finansowym innowacyjne narzędzia transferu ryzyka umożliwiają wyeliminowanie zmienności cen produktów rolnych i stabilizację dochodów producentów. Ponadto, przedstawiono przykłady strategii opcyjnych z wykorzystaniem opcji pogodowych, które mogą zostać zastosowane w rolnictwie. Dają one możliwość kształtowanie odpowiednich profili ryzyka.
Ninespine stickleback is abundant in the brackish waters of the Puck Bay and its catchment area. The species is common in the overgrown littoral zone. Spawning in the bay is extended, lasting from March to August, the eggs are laid in batches. The fecundity of these fish is relatively low, as with others which show parental care. Sticklebacks lay up to 199 eggs, this being higher than the fecundity of sticklebacks from North America and Eastern Europe and lower than in one of the Japanese forms. The relation between absolute fecundity and body length, and body weight is described by the equations: F = 1.8052ּ10-3ּL2.71 and F = 103.77551ּW0.99, respectively. The fecundity of a fish depends primarily on its weight. The body size and fecundity had no effect on egg size.
The cycle of gonad development and related changes in the length structure and spatial-temporal distribution of ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius L.) in Puck Bay were studied. Observations were carried out in the shallow shore zones, as well as in the deeper epipelagic zone of the Bay. Ninespine sticklebacks reproduce in the brackish environment of Puck Bay, breeding in its warmer, inshore zones. Reproduction takes place in the spring and summer months, from April to July. One female spawns several clutches of eggs during one breeding season. The average length of ninespine sticklebacks in Puck Bay was about 40 mm, and the sex ratio in the population was close to 1:1. However, both length structure and sex ratio were subject to local and periodic variations, resulting from possible breeding-related territorial divisions. Higher gonadosomatic indices in females in early spring represented the transition of fish to the advanced vitelligenous phase. The lowest GSI of males during the breeding season indicated the termination of spermatogenesis. The completion of spawning in August started a new process of gonad restoration to prepare the fish for the next breeding season.
The annual reproductive cycle in two wild populations of three-spined stickleback was studied. Sticklebacks from the Dead Vistula River (Martwa Wisła) (brackish water) and the Oliva Stream (Potok Oliwski) (freshwater) were exposed to annual environmental changes in their natural habitats. Ovaries and livers (females), and testes and kidneys (males) were collected during 1–2 years. The gonadosomatic IG, hepatosomatic IH, nephrosomatic IN indices, kidney epithelium height (KEH) and size of oocytes were calculated. The number of mature oocytes and percentage of ovulating females were determined during the spawning season. Histological changes in the ovaries and testes were described throughout a year. Annual reproductive cycles were similar in both populations of sticklebacks. This is the first histological and morphological study carried out throughout a year, simultaneously in two wild populations of three-spined sticklebacks inhabiting different environments. An improved scale of gonadal development in conjunction with the determined indices and fecundity give a comprehensive description of the reproductive cycle. These newobserv ations, in combination with previously reported features, provide a universal scale that can be successfully used to distinguish all phases of gametogenesis in sticklebacks in different habitats.
INTRODUCTION: The emission of ultrasonic vocalisation (USVs) is thought to be a major means of rat communication that can be affected by a wide range of stimuli. 55 kHz USVs are emitted in response to various positive/ pleasurable situations and are considered to reflect an underlying positive affective state. Wistar‑Kyoto (WKY) rats are an endogenous model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) but responsive to ketamine. AIM(S): The aims of this study were firstly to compare baseline USVs emission in WKY rats to an outbred Sprague‑Dawley (SD) strain and to evaluate the effect of different classes of antidepressant drugs on USVs profile. METHOD(S): WKY and SD rats were subjected to chronic vehicle (NaCl 0.9%, s.c.), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), desipramine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), or acute ketamine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) treatment followed by USVs recording in the home cage. An additional group of non‑injected rats was included in the study. All recordings (Sonotrack, Metris) were taken for a total of 5 min at four different time points: 30 min (no ketamine), 24 h, 7 days, and 21 days of administration. A number of 55 kHz calls was analysed. RESULTS: Overall, WKY rats emitted more 55 kHz calls when compared with SD rats. Chronic treatment with a commonly used antidepressant, fluoxetine, resulted in a persistent decrease in the number of “positive” calls at all time points when evaluated in WKY rats. In SD rats, a similar decrease was observed only during the first two days of drug administration. Chronic desipramine treatment had no effect on the number of 55 kHz calls, in either strain, when compared to vehicle group. Acute ketamine administration to WKY rats resulted in a decrease in a number of “positive” calls at 24 h but not at 7 or 21 days post‑administration. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a potential application of USVs recording as a relevant behavioural parameter that can be included in studies that investigate the effect of long-term and acute drug exposure on changes in emotionality.
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