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Summer truffle (Tuber aestivum), also known as Burgundy truffle, is getting interest in Poland in terms of cultivation as a promising incentive for rural areas. Yet the occurrence of the fungus in wider scale in our country has been confirmed in the last decade. Ecological factors that determine the occurrence of T. aestivum are rather well known in the Mediterranean region, whereas such knowledge is limited in northern Europe. The aim of this work was to find the correlations between essential nutrients in surface horizons of soils typical of truffle occurrence. The study area is situated in the Nida Basin in southern Poland. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that active carbonate content is the variable that accounts for the greatest percentage of occupancy in the T. aestivum habitat. In this paper we propose that active carbonate is a major factor in the fruiting of summer truffle. The obtained results could have applications in natural harvesting and truffle culture.
Ash is an important component of European forest ecosystems. In recent years the stability of the species has been threatened by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz & Hosoya 2014 (anamorph Chalara fraxinea). Infested stands die out dynamically, and forest management does not have the seeds to restore future populations. Seed orchards may be a suitable place, where the seed can be obtained, and through which the results of immunological selection can be implemented. To reduce the infestation of seed orchards by H. fraxineus, autumn leaves that are the source of inoculum can be removed. Hence, the main aim of the study was to assess the impact of the removal of fallen leaves on the health status of clonal seed orchard of ash. The studied seed orchard is located in the Łomża Forest District (N 22.06, E 53.31), observations were made on 237 strains of 31 clones of parents. The health of ash trees based on the defoliation of crowns was assessed in August, in years 2018−2019. In order to reduce the source of H. fraxineus inoculum in the next vegetation season, an agrotechnical procedure was carried out on the orchard site to completely remove fallen ash leaves. ANOVA was used to determine the effect of this procedure on the health of ash crowns. A significant reduction in the level of defoliation (F=12.89) was demonstrated over the years of observation. The reaction of individual clones to the procedure was not uniform. The best result was obtained for clones with low and stable defoliation levels in strains. This result confirms that systematic application of agrotechnical treatment has a beneficial effect on the health and regeneration capabilities of selected clones. This result is as expected and shows the potential to carry out immunological selection of ash.
The study was undertaken to determine the effect of the type and composition of filling on changes in the content and activity of water in biscuits. The experimental materials were multi-layer short dough biscuits composed of three layers: bottom made of short dough, filling in the form fruit jelly or flavors mousse, and one-sided chocolate glazing. It was demonstrated that in the samples examined water content depended on the content of extract, whereas it was not affected by the content of pectin in the filling. The presence and content of extract and pectin in the samples analyzed had no significant effect on water activity of the multi-layer short dough biscuits.
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