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The study investigated deformations, stresses and the character of changes induced by the non-free shrinkage of beech timber specimens (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the radial direction, in the conditions of varied drying intensity. During the experiments, the program of intense drying (T=60°C, EMC=10%) and the program of moderate drying (T=40°C, EMC=15%) have been taken into consideration, and the values of the accepted timber shrinkage have been differentiated. The varied efficiency of the mechanical restraint of the timber specimens deformations has been obtained due to the use of dynamometers of various characteristics.
Currently, the basic way of wood moisture content decrease control during drying process is measurement of that moisture content with resistance meters on a random selection of timber items. The results of that measurements are particularly unreliable, especially at wood moisture content below fibre saturation point and, on the other hand, they are influenced by accuracy of sample’s choice. Research considered the problem of monitoring of water mass flow that is removed with air in order to control the course of drying process. As a results of experiments, during drying of pinewood timber, it was stated that the monitoring of outlet air state allows for the verification of measurements of moisture content with resistance meters. The monitoring of air state at inlet and outlet of a kiln creates the possibilities of a more complex control of wood drying process.
The sorption isotherms of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood were determined. The experiments were carried out for wood previously dried in industrial batch and progressive kilns according to various drying schedules. The experiments per-formed made it possible to determine the influence of different drying technologies,as well as parameters, on the sorption characteristics of kiln-dried Scots pine wood. The relationship between the sorption hysteresis and changes in the moisture content of seasoned wood was found. Practical guidelines for equalizing the spread of the final moisture content of individual boards forming a stack were proposed.
Metabolizm komponentów polisacharydowych ściany komórkowej wpływa na wiele cech fenotypowych i fizjologicznych roślin, m.in. na zmiany jędrności owoców podczas ich dojrzewania. Celem badań podjętych w 2001 roku w Zakładzie Hodowli Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa było określenie, który z genów regulujących gospodarkę celulozowo-pektynową warunkuje równocześnie jędrność owoców jako cechę typową dla każdej z odmian truskawki. Badania prowadzono na genomowym DNA i cDNA truskawki 'Dukat' oraz czterech innych odmian różniących się jędrnością owoców ('Kama', 'Kent', 'Vikat', 'Salut'). W zoptymalizowanych warunkach PCR w reakcji ze starterami celU1.2/L1.2 i expUl/Ll-3 (konstrukcja na podstawie biblioteki cDNA truskawki) uzyskano produkty o długości około 3 kb i 1,2 kb (matryca: genomowe DNA) oraz 1,5 kb i 800 pz (matryca: cDNA). Wyniki sekwencjonowania produktów PCR potwierdziły, iż wyizolowane fragmenty zawierały geny celulazy i ekspansyny (86-99% homologii z sekwencjami genów podanych w Banku Genów dla roślin innych gatunków/odmian). Prace nad porównaniem sekwencji produktów PCR uzyskanych dla pozostałych analizowanych odmian są kontynuowane.
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Bile acids are multifunctional modulators of the Barrett’s carcinogenesis

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Bile salts play an important pathogenic role in the development of Barrett adenocarcinoma (BA). However, the precise role of different bile salts in this process is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of two different bile salts, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the expression of COX-2, CDX-2 and DNA repair enzymes (MUTYH, OGG-1) in the Barrett epithelial cancer cells (OE-19). OE-19 cells were incubated with DCA or UDCA (100 µM or 300 µM at pH=7.0) over 24 h. To investigate the involvement of NFB, in separate experiments the cells were incubated with DCA in the presence of proteosome inhibitor (MG-132). Cells cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by FACS analysis. After incubation of OE-19 cells with bile salts, the expression of mRNA of COX-2, DNA repair enzymes (MUTYH, OGG-1) and caudal-related homebox transcription factor CDX-2 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. OE-19 cell were also transfected with siRNA-RelA (p65) to asses effect of NFB inactivation on COX-2 and CDX2 expression. DCA caused a stronger reduction in cell survival of OE-19 cells than UDCA. In addition, DCA stimulated directly the translocation of NFB p65 (active form) in the nuclei of OE-19 cells. DCA caused stronger than UDCA stimulation of the COX-2 mRNA expression in these cells and this effect was significantly attenuated by the addition of inhibitor of NFB activity (proteosome inhibitor MG-132). siRNA-RelA reduced expression not only of NFB but also expression of COX-2 as well as CDX-2 mRNA. DCA caused stronger downregulation of mRNA for DNA repair enzymes MUTYH and OGG-1 than UDCA. In contrast, UDCA induced stronger CDX-2 mRNA expression than DCA in OE-19 cells. We conclude that bile salts are involved in the carcinogenesis of Barrett adenocarcinoma via inhibition of DNA repair enzymes and induction of COX-2 and this last effect is, at least partly, mediated by NFB. DCA shows carcinogenic potential due to high upregulation of COX-2, CDX-2 and downregulation of DNA repair enzymes.
The effect offan speed on the drying process of timber in kiln driers. The study investigated the effect of fan speed on air velocity in a stack of timber in selected types of kiln driers. The trials were conducted under technical scale conditions. The values and dispersion of air velocity were measured in the stack were measured, depending on fan speed reduced in the final stage of the drying process. Changes in fan speed were evaluated on the basis of the time of drying, energy consumption to drive fans, as well as the dispersion of final moisture content in the stack, the dispersion of moisture content in the cross-section. The study included drying of hardwood and softwood timber. On the basis of obtained results it was found that reducing fan speed results in a decrease in both air velocity in the stack and electric energy consumption used to drive fans, while no significant extension of drying time or deterioration of drying quality were observed.
The drying quality of kiln dried timber was verified in Polish sawmills and furniture companies. The estimation of the quality was limited to the mean moisture content after drying. The quality classes specified in the European Drying Group Recommendation were primary used in the analysis. The obtained results showed that sawmills might presently satisfy the “S” quality class, while the furniture companies might achieve the “Q” class. The better kiln drying quality may be obtained in sawmills after introducing improved procedures of timber stacking and kiln loading.
Capsaicin and papaverine are potent vasorelaxants with strong gastroprotective activity against damage induced by absolute ethanol. This protection was originally attributed to the increase in gastric mucosal blood flow (GBF) but the possibility that NO mediates the protective and hyperemic effects of capsaicin and papaverine has been little studied. Using N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a selective blocker of NO synthase, and L-arginine as a substrate for NO, we investigated the role of NO in protective action of capsaicin and papaverine against ethanol-induced gastric damage and in GBF. Pretreatment with capsaicin (0.1-0.5mg/kg i. g.) or papaverine (0.1-2mg/kg i.g.) reduced dose-dependently the area of ethanol- induced lesions, the LD50 being 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. This protection was accompanied by a gradual increase in the GBF. Intravenous (i. v.) injection of L-NNA (1.2-5 mg/kg), which by itself caused only a small increase in ethanol lesions, reversed dose-dependently the protective and hyperemic effects of capsaicin and papaverine against ethanol-induced damage and attenuated the increase in GBF induced by each of these agents alone. This deleterious effect of L-NNA on the gastric mucosa and the GBF was fully antagonized by L-arginine (200 mg/kg i. v.) but not by D-arginine. L-arginine partly restored the decrease in GBF induced by L-NNA. Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.p.), which suppressed the generation of PG by 85%, slightly enhaced the mucosal lesions induced by ethanol but failed to affect the fall in GBF induced by this irritant. Gastroprotective and hyperemic effects of capsaicin and papaverine were partly reversed by indomethacin suggesting that endogenous PG are also implicated in these effects. Addition of L-NNA to indomethacin completely eliminated both the protective and hyperemic effects of capsaicin and papaverine. We conclude that both NO and PG contribute to the gastroprotective and hyperemic effects of capsaicin and papaverine on the gastric mucosa.
Polyamines have been shown to stimulate cellular growth and differentiation, though their role in the prevention of acute gastric lesion induced by various noxious agents has been little studied. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) exhibits gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties due to its potent mitogenic and growth promoting action. This study was designed to compare the gastroprotective effects of spermine and EGF against gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol, acidified aspirin and stress and to determine the role of endogenous polyamines in EGF-induced gast- troprotection. Spermine and EGF significantly reduced the lesions induced by all three ulcerogens. Oral administration of spermine or subcutaneous infusion of EGF in 24 h fasted rats with chronic gastric fistula resulted in similar inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion. Pretreatment with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a hey enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, did not affect ethanol lesions, but reversed the protective effect EGF but not spermine, against ethanol. This finding indicates that polyamines mediate, at least in part, EGF-induced gastroprotection. In tests with oral administration of aminoguanidine that is known to suppress the activity of diamino-oxidase (DAO) and to inhibit the degradation of polyamines, EGF showed a markedly enhanced gastroprotective activity against ethanol damage. Since indomethacin failed to affect the gastroprotective effects of spermine and EOF and neither of these agents influenced the mucosal generation of PGE₂ in intact or injured gastric mucosa, we conclude that prostaglandins are not the major factors in spermine- and EGF-induced gastroprotection. This study demonstrates that polyamines are highly effective against gastric lesions induced by various ulcerogens and that they act as primary mediators of EGF-induced gastroprotection.
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