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Morphological changes developed in rat bucal mucosa, parotid glands, and lymphoid nodes following 6 weeks exposure to dental acetal resin implants were compared to metal/titanium, acrylic implants, and sham-operated rats. Morphological evaluation of bucal mucosa of rats exposed to acetal resin showed an increased accumulation of lymphoid and macrophage-like cells compared to sham-operated rats. Eosinophils were found in bucal mucosa and in parotid glands of rats exposed to acetal resin, although this change did not differ significantly from sham-operated rats. Morphological findings with respect to granular reaction and proliferation were similar in acetal resin exposed and sham-operated rats. Acetal resin implants may induce inflammatory and potentially allergic reactions at the site of implantation.
The aim of the study was to compare erupted permanent bovine teeth of two types involved in the process of chewing in respect to the localisation and histomorphometric characteristics of enamel tufts. The research material comprised 240 fully erupted premolars and molars from the maxillae and mandibles of 27 heads of cattle from the Polish Black-and-White breed. Overall, 1,986 specimens of bovine teelh were analysed using a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope with Micro Image v4.0 software. Enamel tufts were relatively numerous in the enamel of smooth surfaces - on average from 5.6 to 6.4 per cross-section of tooth crown. The average length of the enamel tufts expressed by means of a median was smaller for premolars (89.3 µm) than for molars (123.9 µm). The analysis of the value of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient revealed that no relationship existed between the length and width of tufts in molars (rₛ=0.26), and a low-level relationship was noted (rₛ=0.45) in premolars. On the basis of the Mann-Whitney U test for the metric measurements, no significant differences were discovered for the width of enamel tufts (P=0.427), but significant differences were observed for the length of enamel tufts (P=0.032). The observed differences in the histological structure of the enamel of posterior bovine teeth in comparison to human teeth indicate that a certain degree of caution ought to be considered when using bovine teeth as a substitute for human teeth in in vitro trials.
The dynamic urbanization process, which results from widespread anthropogenic transformation, affects landscape changes. These changes, measured using various factors and indices, are the subject of research around the world. The purpose of the present work was to analyse the spatial structure of anthropogenic elements of land cover. On the basis of the landscape metric – the MSI index (Mean Shape Index), the geometry configuration of individual land cover elements was checked. A Kernel Density tool was used to create a map of the elements of density distribution. The information thus obtained about the surface of anthropogenic elements of land cover expressed in [m²], per 1 km² of space, made it possible to indicate the location of areas most transformed by human activity. The area of research encompassed urban municipalities – of Tarnów and Nowy Sącz. As the source material, the vector layer of land cover was used (BDOT10k –Topographic Objects Database), which was reclassified into 11 new categories. The GIS (Geographical Information System) tools available in the QGIS and ArcGIS software were used for the purpose of the analysis. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that despite a similar percentage of anthropogenic elements of land cover, the studied areas show a different character in terms of their spatial distribution and complexity of their geometry. In the case of Nowy Sącz, small point enclaves of areas showing high density of anthropogenically transformed surfaces were observed. These surfaces are characterized by a considerable degree of dispersion but a small degree of geometrical complexity. In the city of Tarnów, the research we conducted showed a different tendency due to the much larger size of the aforementioned enclaves. Tarnów is characterized by a higher share of developed areas in the city centre, whereas Nowy Sącz is more uniform in the growth of such areas in particular density zones. Moreover, in Tarnów, along with the increase in the density of the anthropogenic land cover, the complexity of the geometry of land cover elements decreases, whereas in the case of Nowy Sącz, the value of the MSI landscape metric is proportionally inversed.
Dental enamel exhibits a highly mineralised structure and contains not only mineral substances but also organic components. The fine organic elements in the enamel cannot be detected by clinical examinations and most frequently are recognised by in vitro studies. The aim of the present study was to assess selected organic elements of enamel: lamellae, tufts, spindles, bulbs and spheroids and to appraise the suitability of permanent bovine teeth as substitutes of permanent human teeth in dental studies. Examinations were performed on 205 permanent bovine teeth obtained from healthy 2.5- to 4.5-year-old individuals (of black-white lowland race). Tooth sections were obtained by cutting crowns, using a slow revolving diamond disc saw, cooled with distilled water. Following preliminary appraisal and within 24 hours, the sections were stained with various techniques, including azane, picric acid, hematoxylin + picric acid, hematoxylin, eosin, fuchsin, H+E according to Mallory and were then analysed under a Nikon Optiphot-2 light microscope. Variable distributions of the evaluated organic elements of enamel were noted but most of them were located in the projection of smooth surfaces, compared to their location in the projections of incisal margins or masticator surfaces in bovine teeth. Bovine permanent frontal teeth may provide a substitute for human teeth but bovine lateral teeth, however, seem to be of limited use in dental studies.
Badania nad metabolizmem dwusiarczku węgla (CS2) w organizmie zwierząt wykazały, że stopień retencji zarówno wolnego, jak i związanego CS2 jest w wątrobie znaczny i to bez względu na drogę podawania (1, 2). Jak dotychczas nie znane są dalsze losy metaboliczne kumulowanego związku. Duża aktywność wątroby pozwala przypuszczać, że pewna ilość metabolitów może być wydalana z żółcią do przewodu pokarmowego. W badaniach z CS2 znakowanym izotopem siarki 35S, Strittmatter i współpr. (2) oznaczyli w kale od 5 do 15% zatrzymywanego przez organizm izotopu. CS2 podawany inhalacyjnie szczurom nie wykazuje jednak cech typowych dla związków hepatotoksycznych (3). Celem pracy była ocena przydatności modelu do badania związków siarki wydalanej z żółcią królików poddanych ekspozycji wysokich stężeń oparów dwusiarczku węgla, a także wstępna analiza kinetyki wydalania tych związków i ocena ich toksycznego działania na komórki wątrobowe.
The objective of this paper is to present an automatic monitoring system for the 3D CEMBS model in the operational version. This predictive, eco hydrodynamic model is used as a tool to control the conditions and bio productivity of the Baltic sea environment and to forecast physical and ecological changes in the studied basin. Satellite-measured data assimilation is used to constrain the model and achieve higher accuracy of its results. 3D CEMBS is a version of the Community Earth System Model, adapted for the Baltic Sea. It consists of coupled ocean and ice models, working in active mode together with the ecosystem module. Atmospheric forecast from the UM model (Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling of the Warsaw University) are used as a forcing fields feed through atmospheric data model. In addition, river inflow of freshwater and nutrient deposition from 71 main rivers is processed by land model. At present, satellite data from AQUA MODIS, processed by the SatBałtyk project Operational System are used for the assimilation of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration. In the operational mode, 48-hour forecasts are produced at six-hour intervals, providing a wide range of hydrodynamic and biochemical parameters
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide widely distributed in the nervous system, inhibits glutamatergic transmission and decreases hippocampal epileptiform activity which may lead to neuroprotection. Such effects were observed in some earlier studies, but results are divergent and the role of particular Y receptors remains unclear. In the present study we investigated a possibility of neuroprotective action of neuropeptide Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor specifi c ligands in rats in two in vivo models of brain damage. In the fi rst model, kainic acid (KA)(2.5 nmol/1 μl) was microinjected into the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus and the peptide compounds (470 pmol/1 μl) were injected in the same region 30 min, 1 h or 3 h after the kainate. Seven days later the brains were taken for histology and number of neurons in CA pyramidal layer was evaluated by stereological counting. It was found that, Y2 agonist (NPY13- 36) and Y5R agonist ([CPP1-17,NPY19-23,Ala31,Aib32Gln34] hPP), injected 30 min or 1 h but not 3 h after the KA, signifi cantly diminished KA-induced hippocampal lesion. Contrary Y1 agonist ([Leu31,Pro34]-NPY) did not induced any protection but had a tendency towards an increase of the degeneration. The most promising Y2 agonist was tested also in the second model, focal cerebral ischemia after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The peptide was injected icv (10 μg/6 μl,), 30 min after MCA occlusion. It signifi cantly diminished MCAO-induced brain damage evaluated by TTC staining. Our results indicated neuroprotective effects of Y2 and Y5 activation. Moreover we found that the peptides may be effective after delayed (30ñ60 min) application.
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Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage

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The main consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, for those who survive bleeding, is delayed, persistent vasospasm of intracranial conduit arteries which occurs between the third and seventh day after the insult and results in symptomatic brain ischemia in about 40% of cases. This vasospasm is considered to be a major cause of disability of post-SAH patients. Despite extensive experimental and clinical research, mechanisms of vasospasm are not fully understood. Dysfunction of the endothelium resulting in enhanced production of vasoconstrictors, phenotypic changes of the receptors in endothelium and smooth muscle cells, increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle cells to vasoconstrictors, release of spasmogens from lysed blood clot and inflammatory response of the vascular wall have been demonstrated and discussed as pathological mechanisms participating in the development of spasm. In recent years more attention is paid to the functional and structural changes in microcirculation and a concept of microvascular spasm is evolving. Our experimental studies in rat model of SAH strongly suggest that microcirculatory dysfunction and delayed vasospasm are related to the severity of acute, transient ischemia caused by critical decrease of perfusion pressure and active vasoconstriction immediately after the bleeding.
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