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Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a derivative of glutaminic acid and glutamate, was shown to increase muscle protein synthesis as well as to have a positive effect on the quality of bone strength. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AKG supplemented either as a salt (Ca + AKG) of pH 5 AKG 5, or in the pure form of pH 2 (AKG 2) on rats growth, performance, feed utilization, some blood parameters and histology of the small intestine. Sixty four rats were divided into 4 treatments and stayed on trial for 9 (n = 6) or 18 days (n = 10). The AKG 2 treated rats were observed to generally have the lowest average daily gain (ADG) with a high average daily food intake (ADFI). The only significant difference found was a reduced (P < 0.03) feed efficacy on day 9 of the AKG 2 treatment from that of the control group. All dietary treatments showed higher Hb levels than the controls on day 9, with those of dextrose and AKG 2 being significant (P < 0.03 and P < 0.005, respectively). The enterocyte crypt depth in the proximal small intestine of the AKG 2 treated rats was significantly enlarged in comparison to that of the dextrose group. From day 9 to day 18, the control as well as the dextrose and the AKG 2 treatments showed an increase in the free Gln levels, while the AKG 5 group showed a decrease in free Gln levels over time. In the AKG 2 group, the level of peptide bound (PB) Gln + Glu was higher than in controls.
The fact that men and women are living longer than they have ever done before is something in which we can all rejoice. However, the process of ageing is associated with changes in skeletal, muscular, gastrointestinal, neural hormonal and metabolic processes that seriously affect an individual's performance and quality of life. Indeed, such changes can be contributory to a loss of independence in the elderly. This state-of-the art address highlights the main changes found to occur with ageing whilst simultaneously reporting findings of in vivo and in vitro studies designed to elucidate the potential of the Krebs cycle intermediate - alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) in protecting elderly body systems from failing and degradation. The topics of paramount importance include impaired bone structure and strength, amino acid and mineral absorption, muscle performance, as well as highlighting the role of Krebs cycle intermediates in the debilitating changes that occur with end-stage renal failure and the regulation of the lipid metabolism. Finally, focus will be given to the role of 2-oxoglutarate as a potent protective factor in connection with the development of malignant cells in the body.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with α-ketoglutarate (AKG) sodium salt on growth rate in relation to bone collagen formation during the first 70 d of postnatal life in piglets. The results show that dietary AKG supplementation increased body weight of the experimental piglets in comparison to the controls, especially between 21st and 56th d of life (P≤0.01). Moreover, the area of collagen trabeculae slightly increased in experimental age sub-groups and reached the highest differences between 14th (P≤0.01) and 70th d of piglets life (P≤0.001). In contrast, the highest values for the number of collagen trabeculae were observed in piglets at 3rd d of age, regardless of treatment group. The positive effect of AKG supplementation on the number of collagen trabeculae was found between 3 and 35th d of life, with statistical confirmation at days 14, 35, and 56 (P≤0.01). The data-lines of the bone strain showed similar course during the whole experimental period, except 56th d of life, when the experimental piglets reached statistically significant, higher values in comparison to the controls (P≤0.05). Similarly, the blood plasma osteocalcin reached the highest concentration in experimental sub-groups from 21st d oflife in comparison to the controls, with statistical significance at the age of 56 (P≤0.05). These data indicate that dietary AKG supplementation effectively stimulated collagen synthesis in young growing piglets, both before and after weaning.
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