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The reactivity of rat blood leukocytes after recurrent blood losses was examined. The blood samples were collected from the heart, three times in seven-day intervals. The volume of each sample was approximately 15% of the total blood volume. The functional changes in leukocytes were determined utilizing a test of radial segmentation of nuclei (RS) in mononuclear leukocytes and a test of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast phagocytosis. Our results demonstrate that sequential blood loss induced a decrease in the number of mononuclear cells indicating RS from 21.2% after 1st blood sampling up to 13% and 14% in following samplings: a decrease in number of phagocytic granulocytes from 49.5% after 1st blood sampling up to 41% and 39.3% after 2nd and 3rd sampling, respectively; and an increase in the number of phagocytic mononuclear blood cells from 8.5% after the 1st sampling up to 9.2% and 12.7% after the 2nd and 3rd blood samplings respectively. We affirm that this frequent blood loss modified the reactivity of blood leukocytes but did not change the WBC quantity in blood.
Dog and cat bites form a relatively large group of injuries, often requiring medical attention. Dogs are responsible for about 80-90% and cats for 3-15% of animal-bite wounds which may result in various skin, deep tissue and inner organ infections. Although pathogens causing wound infections may originate from the skin of the victim or the environment, most of them are transmitted from the animal’s mouth. Pasteurella-species, predominantly P. multocida and P. canis, are isolated from 50-75% of cat bites and 20-50% of dog bites, making these bacteria the most common pathogens in such wound infections. Streptococci, staphylococci, Moraxella, and Neisseria are also common aerobic isolates, and Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas and Prevotella are common anaerobic isolates. Some bacteria, such as Bergeyella zoohelcum and Capnocytophaga canimorsus may cause severe, often life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Data obtained from literature suggest that empirical therapy for dog and cat bites should be directed against pasteurella, streptococci, staphylococci, and anaerobes and should include β-lactam antibiotics and a β-lactamase inhibitor or a second-generation cephalosporin. The latest chemotherapeutics, such as fluoroquinolones, macrolides, carbapenems as well as ketolide antibiotics display in vitro activity against aerobic and anaerobic isolates from bite wounds and thus may also be useful.
This report describes the clinical findings and treatment of cutaneous candidiasis caused by Candida albicans in a fourteen-month-old dog. Skin lesions were located on the neck and back, and included hair loss, erythema, papules, and pustules. Swab cultures obtained from intact pustules grew C. albicans but no bacteria. The examination of susceptibility to antifungals, carried out with ATB FUNGUS (bioMérieux), revealed that the isolated strain was susceptible to flucytosine, amphotericin B, and nystatin, but only moderately susceptible to fluconazole, econazole, and ketokonazole. The treatment consisted of the application of amitraz (an antiparasitic drug) and ketokonazole (orally, 15 mg/kg twice a day for 14 days), followed by miconazole cream. A complete recovery was obtained within 8 weeks. An infection with Demodex canis and, probably, previous antibiotic therapy were recognized as predisposing factors in this case. The repeated isolation of Candida albicans from intact pustules and a positive response of the patient to antifungal treatment proved the role of this yeast in the infection described here.
A case of diarrhoea in a four-month-old golden retriever is described. On the basis of anamnesis and bacteriological examination, the diagnosis of bacterial enteritis due to Providencia alcalifaciens was reached. Although there are contradictory opinions about the role of this organism as the enteric pathogen, it seems that Providencia alcalifaciens should also be taken into consideration in the routine bacteriological diagnostics of diarrhoea in dogs.
The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of feed restriction on the reactivity of lymphatic structures of the white spleen pulp in chickens; it lasted 49 days and used Leghorn breed chickens. During the last period of the study some of the chickens received the same diet as earlier, but were also subjected to skip-a-day regimen (chicken were deprived of feed 1 day and consumed feed on the alternate day). The material was taken on the 49th day of the experiment, after 14 or 21 days of feed restriction and body weight, relative weight of the spleen, Bursa of Fabricius and adrenal glands were evaluated. The number of germinal centres was analysed on the spleen sections as well as the reaction to acid phosphates (APh) which was evaluated in the mature and newly formed germinal centres (I and II type) and in the periellipsoidal (PEL) and periarterioral (PAL) lymphatic tissue. It was determined that feed access restriction causes not only a decrease in body weight but also, through its action as a stressor agent, leads to a decrease in the weight of the lymphatic organs (spleen and Bursa of Fabricius). The APh reaction analysis showed its diversified intensity in the investigated structures of the spleen. The feed deprivation period lasting 14 days resulted in a change in the mutual relations of both types of germinal centres (increase in the number of newly formed centres in comparison to the number of mature centres). This was accompanied by the activation of APh reactions in II type centres and in the PAL. The mature germinal centres (I type) and periellipsoidal lymphatic tissue (PEL) appeared to be less sensitive to the applied experimental factor. However, prolonging fodder access restrictions up to 21 days, led to a weakening of the APh reaction in all the examined spleen structures. The obtained results indicate the essential role that nutritional factors play in the lymphatic systems reactivity, as well as displaying the complexity of the mechanisms of lymphatic system activity disorders in birds exposed to stressors.
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