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Background. Early maturation of salmon males (Salmo salar L.) affects the reduction of fish physical condition and culture Materials and Methods. Atotal of 145 salmon males belonging to a group of low growth rate specimens that had not smoltified during the first spawning season were sampled from the "Aquamar" Fish Farm (Miastko, Poland). The study was based on light microscopy examination of histological sections and a standard procedure of milt quality evaluation. The gonadal development stage was determined with Billard and Escaffre ′s 9-grade scale modified by Dziewulska. Results. The mean fork length of males was 10.45 cm. Three groups of males were distinguished: non-maturing (stage I); beginning spermatogenesis (inactive substage II); and precocious (stages VI to IX plus maturing males classified as undergoing "attempted spermatogenesis"). The groups contained 72.4, 4.8, and 22.8% of the males examined, respectively. The gonadosomatic index recorded in the three respective groups ranged from 0.010 to 0.164 (mean 0.040); 0.050 -0.155 (0.089); and 0.058 -6.219 (1.358). The gonadosomatic index is not an accurate indicator of gonadal activity. The precocious males semen contained from 6.1 to 23.0 million spermatozoa per mm 3 (13.41 million on the average). Spermatozoa performing progressive movements constituted 80-90%. Results. On the other hand, precocious male can fertilize mature eggs. The aim of this study was to estimate the magnitude of precocious maturation and to evaluate semen characteristics in a group of cultured 1-year-old salmon. Conclusion. Among non-maturing males and males beginning spermatogenesis, precocious individuals were detected, the latter produced semen of good quality.
Background. The pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), known also as pumpkinseed sunfish, is native to eastern and central North America. Its introduction to Europe has resulted in fast spreading of the species over the continent. In Poland, the pumpkinseed has found favourable conditions for living and reproduction in water bodies artificially heated by thermal power plants. The aim of this study was to determine the annual cycle of gonad development of the pumpkinseed population inhabiting the warm-water canal of the Dolna Odra power plant (NW Poland), which has not been studied before at this location. Materials and Methods. The pumpkinseed individuals were caught in the heated-water discharge canal of the Dolna Odra power plant. The average water temperature in the canal was by 6–8ºC higher than that of the river. The analysis of the annual cycle of gonad development was performed in both sexes using histological methods. The fish were aged 3+ to 6+. A standard paraffin technique and Heidenhain’s iron hematoxylin staining were used. Results. In the site surveyed, the spawning season for females lasted from the beginning of May through August, i.e., was longer than in the native range of this fish species. In one female caught in September, the ovaries contained oocytes in the stage of vitellogenesis. The oocytes in the stage of atresia were found rarely in the fish caught from April through June. Mature testes in males were found between late April and September, i.e., throughout the spawning period of the females. Few male anomalies of the sexual cycle were observed, e.g., in October, they were found to engage in another cycle of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa production. Moreover, the presence of large groups of degenerating cells in the seminal tubules was observed throughout the year, but was particularly evident between September and February. Conclusion. The results have confirmed the high colonisation abilities of the pumpkinseed. As a consequence of global warming, the studied canal with post-cooling water may become a starting point of expansion of this species to other bodies of water. Upon a considerable climate warming, this species could threaten the native species.
The cryopreservation of milt in liquid nitrogen has recently been introduced on farms as a storage technique for the milt of valuable breeding lines and for surpluses of spermatozoa. It is also used in conservation programs for endangered species. However, physical factors and the chemical environment during the freezing of gametes in liquid nitrogen can damage the cells, which can result in changes in cell properties and can also affect the characteristics of the offspring obtained from fertilization with frozen gametes. The resulting defects can appear at different stages of ontogenesis and influence life functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and health of sea trout offspring up to the three-month-old alevin stage. The offspring were obtained by fertilizing fresh eggs using spermatozoa that had previously been frozen in liquid nitrogen with the addition of methanol as a cryoprotectant. The milt was frozen in straws in liquid nitrogen according to the standard technique for salmonids. Then the eggs were fertilized with fresh (control group) and frozen/thawed (experimental group) sperm. The eggs were incubated, and then the fish were reared until the age of three months in a closed recirculation system. During early development, no significant differences between the control and experimental groups of fish were noted. Survival from the eyed-egg stage to the end of rearing was similar in both groups. The weights of the hatched and 3-month-old alevins were similar. These results suggest it is possible to use frozen milt for fry production and fish population restoration. Moreover, the results indicate the need for further research on monitoring the development of offspring produced through fertilization with frozen sperm.
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