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Lichens in the rural landscape of the Warmia Plain

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Lichens and lichenicolous fungi in the rural landscape of the Warmia Plain were studied. Lichen species were observed on old wooden fences, roadside trees, fruit trees, pylons, farm machinery, buildings and bridges. The analysed biota consists of 104 taxa with several noteworthy and rare lichens.
The current knowledge on the occurrence of Lobaria amplissima, a very rare old-growth forest lichen in Poland, is discussed. Both previous and new localities are presented. The Białowieża Forest, from which L. amplissima is reported, is a refuge site of L. amplissima in the lowland forests of Central Europe. The most important data on the ecology and the general distribution of the species are given. Diagnostic characters related to the morphology, anatomy and chemistry of L. amplissima differentiating it from similar species are described.
The current knowledge on the occurrence of Caloplaca lucifuga, a rare lichen with an inconspicuous crustose sorediate thallus, is discussed. Both previous and new localities are presented. The most important data on the ecology and general distribution of the species are given. Diagnostic characters related to the morphology, anatomy and chemistry of C. lucifuga that help to differentiate it from similar species are described.
The lichen biota of a forest ravine was studied. Investigations were carried out in the Grabianka river valley situated in the Elbląg Upland (Wysoczyzna Elbląska). The analyzed lichen biota is very interesting and relatively rich. A total of 122 taxa were found in the area, of which 12 are legally protected, 46 are considered endangered in Poland and 13 are indicators of lowland primeval forests. Some other interesting and rare taxa were also recorded, including Reichlingia leopoldii, Mycobilimbia epixanthoides and Scoliciosporum pruinosum. In addition, a number of rare non-lichenized fungi were identified, such as Tremella cladoniae, Chaenothecopsis savonica or Mycocalicium subtile.
During the period 1997-2010 the development trends in reproductive traits of selected prolific breeds of sheep (Finn, Friesian, Olkuska and Romanov sheep) were studied. During that period it was found that the number of ewes of Olkuska and Romanowska breeds, that were evaluated according to their performance, increased, while the number of Finn and Friesian sheep decreased. It has been shown that the fertility of evaluated ewes, except for the Olkuska breed, deteriorated. The ewe prolificacy deteriorated, the only exception was the Finnish sheep; however, the positive trend was observed only in the period 1997-2003. The positive developmental trend of the lambs rearing was recorded only for the Friesian breed. In terms of reproductive performance, the negative trend was observed for all breeds. Deterioration of the reproduction rates of prolific breeds in the successive years, may adversely affect the profitability of sheep production, and consequently, lead to the liquidation of flocks.
The colour of florets and leaves, considerably determining the decorative nature of plants, can depend much on the conditions throughout the period of cultivation. The research analysed the occurrence of anthocyanins and carotenoids in ray florets and chlorophylls in leaves in Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum /Ramat./Kitam., ‘Baton Rouge’ grown in the glasshouse over 2010–2011. The plants were exposed only to short day induced by darkening, applying no supplementary lighting of the plants. From the ray floret tissues carotenoids were extracted using concentrated acetone and anthocyanins with 1% HCl in methanol, whereas to extract chlorophylls a and b from leaf explants, concentrated acetone was used. The samples with extracted pigments were exposed to studies applying the spectrophotometer UV-VIS 1601-PC at the wavelength corresponding to the maximum of the band of a given pigment. For carotenoids the wavelength was Ȝ = 440 nm, for anthocyanins: Ȝ = 530 nm, whereas for chlorophylls: Ȝ = 645 and 663 nm. There was also defined the colour of ray florets and leaves applying the RHSCC Colour Chart [1966]. It was found that the date of plant planting, and thus their flowering, affects the concentration of pigments: anthocyanins and carotenoids in ray florets and chlorophylls in leaves and, as a result, also their colour. The highest concentration of anthocyanins was reported in the plants planted into pots on 1.12., 1.01 and on 1.07., carotenoids in the growing cycles launched on 1.11., 1.12., 1.01, 1.03, 1.07 and 1.08., while chlorophylls a and b – on 1.03.
The aim of the study was to establish to what degree the 24-week exposure of a rat to 5 and 50 mg Cd/dm³ affects the proliferating activity of cells with PCNA and Ki-67 nuclear immunoreactivity in the submandibular gland cells. The control animals received only redistilled water to drink. The group I rats were given 5 mg Cd/dm³, while the group II animals were given 50 mg Cd/dm³. The highest concentration of cadmium was observed in group II, with a concomitant increase in the number of PCNA-positive cells. In group I, cadmium concentration was significantly less compared to group II, and there were fewer PCNA-positive cells. The reaction for Ki-67 in both experimental groups was negative.
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