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Zwierzęce modele schizofrenii

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Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC - enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli) is one of the most important foodborne and waterborne human pathogens. EHEC O157:H7 was described for the first time in 1977. Pathogenic E. coli can be classified into 4 main groups: diarrheagenic E. coli, uropathogenic E. coli, meningitis/sepsis E. coli and avian E. coli. The most important are the first three groups, which can cause human illness. The processes of genome dynamics, such as gene transfer, genome reduction and point mutations, contribute to the adaptation of bacteria to different environments. The genome of EHEC consists of prophage sequences (mobile elements such as transposon, pathogenicity islands (PAI) and genomic islands (GEI)). Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli possesses specific virulence factors, such as Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), LEE motif, intimin (adhesion protein), enterohemolysin and others, which have not been fully described. PCR-based methods and PCR modifications (e.g. real time PCR) are usually used for rapid and specific detection of this pathogen in different samples and are often used in epidemiological investigation. Each pathogenic group contains specific serogroups, which in specific conditions may acquire pathogenicity factors, such as Shiga toxins. EHEC may be transmitted not only by various animal species, but also by insects present on vegetables and fruits. Infection is manifested by diarrhea (bloody diarrhea), fever, stomach pain and renal failure. Use of antibiotics in the treatment of EHEC infections is controversial. Therapy is based on dialysis, hemofiltration and the transfusion of packed erythrocytes sometimes a renal transplant is needed. There is no vaccine against EHEC, and therefore good hygiene and prevention is necessary to avoid EHEC infections. EHEC O157:H7, responsible for many outbreaks around the world, is a serious threat to public health. One of the described prevention methods is the maintenance of good hygiene by both manufactures and restaurants.
This work presents results of the research on the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis in the tissues of wild-living animals and ticks collected from Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The real-time PCR testing for the pathogens comprised 928 samples of animal internal organs and 1551 ticks. The presence of C. burnetii was detected in 3% of wild-living animals and in 0.45–3.45% (dependent on collection areas) of ticks. The genetic sequences of F. tularensis were present in 0.49 % of ticks (only in one location – Drawa) and were not detected in animal tissues. The results indicate respectively low proportion of animals and ticks infected with C. burnetii and F. tularensis.
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Q fever - selected issues

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Q fever is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused by Gram-negative coccobacillus Coxiella burnetii, belonging to the Legionellales order, Coxiellaceae family. The presented study compares selected features of the bacteria genome, including chromosome and plasmids QpH1, QpRS, QpDG and QpDV. The pathomechanism of infection – starting from internalization of the bacteria to its release from infected cell are thoroughly described. The drugs of choice for the treatment of acute Q fever are tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones. Some other antimicrobials are also active against C. burnetii, namely, telitromycines and tigecyclines (glicylcycline). Q-VAX vaccine induces strong and long-term immunity in humans. Coxevac vaccine for goat and sheep can reduce the number of infections and abortions, as well as decrease the environmental transmission of the pathogen. Using the microarrays technique, about 50 proteins has been identified which could be used in the future for the production of vaccine against Q fever. The routine method of C. burnetii culture is proliferation within cell lines; however, an artificial culture medium has recently been developed. The growth of bacteria in a reduced oxygen (2.5%) atmosphere was obtained after just 6 days. In serology, using the IF method as positive titers, the IgM antibody level >1:64 and IgG antibody level >1:256 (against II phase antigens) has been considered. In molecular diagnostics of C. burnetii infection, the most frequently used method is PCR and its modifications; namely, nested PCR and real time PCR which detect target sequences, such as htpAB and IS1111, chromosome genes (com1), genes specific for different types of plasmids and transposase genes. Although Q fever was diagnosed in Poland in 1956, the data about the occurrence of the disease are incomplete. Comprehensive studies on the current status of Q fever in Poland, with special focus on pathogen reservoirs and vectors, the sources of infection and molecular characteristics of bacteria should be conducted.
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of epidemic cholera. Symptoms include stomach ache, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting, which lead to severe dehydration and even death. Environmental monitoring as well as rapid and accurate identification of this pathogen are important for public health protection. In this study, a real-time PCR method for the detection of toxigenic V. cholerae was developed. In total, 63 environmental and clinical strains were tested for the presence of seven targets, namely ompW, ompU, tcpA, ctxA, zot, rfbO1, and rfbO139. The proposed method is specific, simple, and fast, and can be used for detection of toxigenic and non-toxigenic V. cholerae strains. The minimum detection limit of this assay for V. cholerae in environmental water samples was 1.4 CFU/ml.
Triplex real time PCR method for detection of enterohaemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli in meat samples was described. Total of 36 strains belonging to different serogroups were used. All strains were cultured in brain heart infusion broth and sorbitol MacConkey agar plates under aerobic conditions. Sets of primers and TaqMan probes were prepared using GenBank resources. Using the designed method we were able to detect bacteria in meat samples and determine genotypes for stx1, stx2, and eaeA genes in tested strains, simultaneously. The described method provides a rapid detection of single colonies of this pathogen in minced meat samples.
Ionizing radiation affects the expression of adhesive and co-stimulatory molecules in lymphocytes. The physiological function of cellular isoform of prion protein (PrPc) is little known. Evidences indicate a link between lymphocytes activation and PrPc expression on their surface; however, no direct effect of radiation on PrPc level in these cells was investigated. The objective of this study was to determinate the effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on the expression of PrPc on the surface peripheral blood lymphocytes in the women operating X-ray equipment. In 36 female workers and 30 persons of the control group the PrPc expression on CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD4 (T helper), CD8 (T cytotoxic) and CD19 (B lymphocytes), as well as the percentage of lymphocytes with PrPc on their surface, were tested. Subgroups with respect to age and length of employment were selected. A signifi cant increase was observed in PrPc expression on CD3 and CD4 with lowered PrPc level on CD8 and percentage of CD8 cells with PrPc in workers compared to control. The PrPc level did not show signifi cant changes in subgroups in relation to age (below and over 40 years old) both in the investigated and control groups, whereas a lower percentage of PrPc expressing CD19 cells showed in employed women below 40 years of age. A signifi cant decrease was found in PrPc expression on the surface of CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells in the subgroup employed for over 10 years than in the subgroup with less than 10 years of employment.
Work in Hospital Emergency Departments (HEDs) exposes both the emergency ward staff and patients to infectious and in other way harmful biological agents. The results of this study shows the presence of pathogenic bacteria isolated by three different methods. It revealed 9.8% of pathogens detected by imprint method, 10.5% of pathogens by swabbing method, 17.6% and 22% in HEDs corridors and rooms, respectively, by air sampling method. In control workplaces (offices) pathogenic bacteria reached the level of 6.5% and 14.7% by imprint method and swabbing, respectively. The relatively low level of contamination by bacteria in HEDs may depend on the effectiveness of Standard Protective Precautions in the studied hospitals.
The 5-HT7R is involved in many physiological processes, i.e. the regulation of body temperature, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, as well as pathophysiological processes such as mood disorders, anxiety, schizophrenia and pain. None of the known 5-HT7R agonists qualify as perfect radioligand candidates, mainly due to their poor selectivity, metabolic stability or non-optimal ADME properties. Development of new ligands of 5-HT7R of the unique structure and properties. The compounds were concisely synthesized using van Leusen multi-component protocol and receptor affinity (5‑HT7, 1A, 2A, 6, and D2) was tested in radioligand binding assays. The intrinsic clearance was determined using human liver microsomes, whereas cytotoxicity was measured on HEK-293 and HepG2 cells. The pharmacokinetics of a lead compound was tested on CD-1 mice at 5 mg/kg dose (i.p.). The compound ability to reverse MK-801 induced impairment in novel object recognition test was conducted on Albino Swiss mice. Results: We have developed a series of 5-HT7R ligands, which are one of the very few examples of low-basicity aminergic receptor agonists. Lead compounds exhibited high affinity for the 5‑HT7R as well as high efficacy as agonists, excellent selectivity over related CNS targets, high metabolic stability and low toxicity. Docking to 5-HT7R homology models indicated a plausible binding mode which explain the unusually high selectivity. A rapid absorption to the blood, high blood-brain barrier permeation and a very high peak concentration in the brain were found for the lead compound. It was also found active in the NOR test. Because the compounds fulfill all the requirements needed for a PET radioligand a synthetic method which enables the incorporation of 11C isotope was developed. The obtained group of selective, low-basicity 5-HT7R receptor agonists has a great potential to be developed as pharmacological tools, radioligands or drug candidates. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: The study was partially supported by the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development under the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009–2014 in the frame of the Project PLATFORMex (Pol-Nor/198887/73/2013), www.platformex.eu.
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