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Persistent changes that take place during the development of opioid addiction are thought to be due to adaptive changes in gene expression in the brain. In the present study we used DNA microarrays (Illumina) to analyze the expression of about 45 000 transcripts in the selected brain regions (striatum and hippocampus) of C57Bl/6J mice during the morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) test. Repetitive morphine treatment during morphine conditioning led to an altered expression of 257 genes. Many of these genes coded for heat shock proteins, neuronal transport and kinases including mitogen-activated protein kinases. The observed alterations in the gene transcription resulted from the morphine-induced conditioning rather than CPP test alone. The genes meeting criteria for statistical signifi cance revealed strong correlation coeffi cients with the expression of place preference (measured as increased time spent on the morphine-paired side). These fi ndings suggest that morphine-conditioning induces the persistent changes in gene transcription that correlate with the rewarding behavior. Research supported by Ministry of Science and Education Grant N401 066 31/168.
Ca2+ /CAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is an important factor linking the opioid-regulated secondary messenger systems to alterations in gene expression. Opioids regulate CREB level, its phosphorylation and binding to its corresponding response element in the promoters of several genes implicated in drug addiction. CREB mediates the action of opioids on the expression of several genes in brain regions responsible for drug-seeking behavior and manifestation of signs of dependence. Moreover, alterations in CREB level can affect the rewarding properties of morphine and regulate the self-administration of cocaine. At the cellular level CREB acts as convergence point for different cellular pathways. Opioids affect two different intracellular mediator systems: inhibitory - connected with cAMP, and stimulatory - involving calcium and the PKC pathway. Both can affect CREB but in different phases of opiate action. The presence of this biphasic mechanism can explain the phenomenon of the induction of some CRE-controlled genes after both acute and chronic morphine administration. Cellular studies also highlight the relevance of other ATF/CREB family members which can affect Ca /cAMP response element (CRE) controlled transcription as well as other transcription factors which make the opioid induction longer lasting.
INTRODUCTION: The nucleus accumbens (NAc), which is known to be an important component of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system also plays a role in pain, however the molecular mechanisms of this involvement are not known. In the present study we explored molecular pathways involved in the neuropathic pain. Understanding of this process would allow us brain mapping and find biomarkers for pain transmission. AIM(S): The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in genes expression after CCI in the NAc. METHOD(S): Neuropathic pain was induced by applying a Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) model in C57BL/6J mice. Two behavioral tests for neuropathic pain were used: the von Frey’s test and the cold plate test. In our biochemical researches we used qRT-PCR. RESULTS: We found that nerve injury produced a significant increase in the expression of opioid genes (PDYN, PENK), opioid kappa and delta receptors genes (KOR, DOR) and calcium/calmodulin - dependent protein kinase kinase 1 (CAMKK1) in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, we observed that neuropathic pain augmented the expression of stress – and inflammatory response genes coding for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), FK506 binding protein5 (FKBP5), and interleukins IL1 beta and IL6 in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, elevated levels of GFAP (astrocyte marker) but not C1q (microglia marker) mRNAs were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that CCI produces lasting biochemical changes in the NAc.Taking into account the well-known roles of opioid systems in pain transmission and emotional processes, the observed changes in the expression of the opioid propeptides and receptors genes may contribute to changes in pain sensitivity and in affective response to nociceptive stimulation. Furhermore, increased expression of GFAP, GR, FKBP5, Il6 and Il1beta genes suggests that cellular stress and inflammatory processes are involved in this type of pain not only on the level of the spinal cord but also in the brain. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Research supported by HEALTH-F2-2013-602891 NEUROPAIN.
INTRODUCTION: The amygdala mediates unconscious reactions and is responsible for emotional memory formation and attachment of subjective emotional valence to various stimuli. The amygdala complex expresses 5-HT7 receptors in a high density, however, their function in this structure remains poorly investigated. AIM(S): The present experiments were aimed at determining the effects of 5-HT7 receptor activation on membrane properties and synaptic transmission in pyramidal‑like basal amygdala (BA) neurons. METHOD(S): Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed on the brain slices containing a part of the amygdala. Spontaneous excitatory and miniature postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs and mEPSCs) were recorded at a holding potential of ‑70 mV. Spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs) were recorded at a holding potential of 0 mV with pipette filled with cesium gluconate-containing solution. RESULTS: Activation of 5-HT7 receptors decreased the mean frequency of sEPSCs without changing sEPSCs amplitude. The mean frequency and amplitude of sIPSCs were enhanced after 5-HT7 receptor activation. Administration of 5-HT7 receptors agonist 5-CT induced a hyperpolarization and an increase of the membrane resistance in a majority of recorded cells. The frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and mIPSCs were not changed after 5‑CT administration. The observed effects of 5‑HT7 receptors activation were absent in the presence of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB 269970. The application of 5-CT had no effect in slices prepared from 5-HT7 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the observed decrease in sEPSCs and an increase in sIPSCs frequency and amplitude result from activation of 5-HT7 receptors located on GABAergic interneurons that, in turn, innervate BA projection neurons. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by grant 2016/21/B/NZ4/03618 financed by the National Science Center, Poland, and by statutory funds from Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences.
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