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In the years 2008-2010, 64 samples of plant material derived from farms in the north-eastern Poland were tested towards proper application of plant protection products (PPP) and food safety. It was found that 28% of pesticide treatments were carried out against recommendations of pesticide producers. The average consumption of pesticides, calculated in kg of active substance·ha-1, ranged from 0.12-2.57. The costs of conducted treatments based on the prices of PPPs ranged from 67-574 PLN·ha-1. Cultivation of winter rape was characterized by the highest level of pesticide use and the highest price of treatments. In the tested samples no risk of pesticide residues to human and animal health was found.
Experiments were established on individual farmer's fields in Podlaskie province. They were performed using randomized block design in four replications. Dominant weeds were: Elymus repens, Viola arvensis, Chenopodium album, Galeopsis tetrahit, Artemisia vulgaris, Matricaria inodora. Applied herbicides limited weed infestation in varying degree. The most effective against weeds present in sorghum were Lumax 537,5 SE (regardless of the date of application) and the Boreal 58 WG (regardless of the dose), which controlled the V. arvensis, M. inodora, A. vulgaris, Rumex acetosella, G. tetrahit, Raphanus raphanistrum, Ch. album in 100%. Sensitive to Emblem 20 WG and Mustang 306 SE proved to be M. inodora, R. raphanistrum, Ch. album. Proponit 720 EC well controlled M. inodora, R. acetosella, R. raphanistrum. Guardian Max 840 EC regardless of the date of treatment was effective against V. arvensis, R. acetosella, Ch. album and A. vulgaris. M. inodora showed an average resistance to herbicides or was resistant to their action.
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of fungal diseases on the quality and yields of winter wheat in north-eastern Poland. The experiment was established in winter wheat using randomized blocks with four replications, on the individual farmer's field in Dobrzyniewo Duże in Podlaskie. The chemical treatments were performed using a field knapsack sprayer, with liquid flow rate of 300 l/ha. The following protection treatments were included: herbicide at the BBCH 21–23 phase of wheat, fungicide at two phases BBCH 22–23 and BBCH 71–75. In the experiment the occurrence of sharp eyespot Rhizoctonia cerealis, septoria glume bloth Stagonospora nodorum, tan spot Drechslera tritici-repentis and leaf rust Puccinia recondita. It was found a different level of plant infection depending on the experimental variant and the applied chemical protection. The degree of infection of wheat plants significantly affected the amount of harvested yield and weight of a thousand grains. The use of fungicide and herbicide effectively reduced the occurrence of diseases.
This research was conducted to investigate the natural, quantitative composition of the most common Fusarium species directly in fields of northeastern Poland. The concentration of Fusarium spp. and grain quality traits (yield, 1,000 kernel weight, test weight, grain moisture, ergosterol content, protein content, gluten content and starch content) were compared in four wheat varieties (Mandaryna, Struna, Kandela and Arabella). Obtained results indicated a relation between grain moisture, test weight, ergosterol content, yield and fungi concentration. Protein, starch and gluten content was similar in all wheat varieties. Fusarium culmorum was the most common pathogen in Mandaryna and Struna and F. graminearum in Kandela and Arabella. Fusarium avenaceum and F. poae occurred in low amounts in all wheat varieties except Mandaryna. Fusarium oxysporum was found in comparable concentrations in Struna, Kandela and Arabella. Struna despite medium Fusarium spp. colonization possessed the most desirable grain quality compared to other varieties. We carried out real-time PCR detection of Fusarium spp. which is an efficient, cost effective and time saving method in evaluating the development of fungal diseases which are not visible in standard observations.
Experiments were established on farmer's fields in the Podlasie province. They were arranged using randomized block designe with four replications. The dominant weed species were: Elymus repens, Fallopia convolvulus, Chenopodium album, Viola arvensis, Matricaria maritima ssp. Applied herbicides limited weed infestation in varying degree. The most effective herbicides against weeds in sorghum occurring crops were Lumax 537,5 SE (regardless of the date of application) and the Boreal 58 WG (regardless of the dose), which controlled the Artemisia vulgaris, Ch. album, Galeopsi tetrahit, M. maritima ssp., V. arvensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rumex acetosella almost in 100%. All herbicides used with the exception of pesticides Zeagran 340 SE resulted in phytotoxic effects to the sorghum crop. The highest yield of fresh mass (39.2 t/ha) was obtained from the plots, with preemergence treatment by herbicide Lumax 537,5 SE (mesotrione + terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor) at a dose of 3.5 l/ha. The average yield from the control plots was 16 t/ha. Herbicides based on: bromoxynil, terbuthylazine, mesotrione, S-metolachlor and acetochlor, florasulam and 2,4-D can be used for weed control in the cultivation of sorghum.
Studies were designed to compare the efficacy of reduced doses of herbicides in the cultivation of maize in terms of north-eastern Poland. Treatments were performed at three dates: preemergence, the stage BBCH 12/13 (2 to 3 leaf) and stage BBCH 14/15 (4 to 5 leaves). The herbicide Lumax 537,5 SE showed the most effective weed control in maize regardless of the application date and used doses. The weed species Elymus repens was characterized by the highest level of resistance to all herbicides analyzed, including Lumax 537,5 SE, which was effective from 3 to 23%. The results of this study revealed the possibility of reduced doses of herbicides in maize protection against weed infestation, assuming that the following requirements are met: properly prepared position for maize cultivation by agricultural measures and a prevalance of weed species sensitive to active substance of used herbicides.
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