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The 3 members of the mammalian trefoil factor family (TFF) are expressed and secreted as cytoprotective peptides along the entire length of the normal gastrointestinal tract. More recently, they were shown to display multifunctional properties. Goblet cells of the small and large intestine constitute a major source for the synthesis of the third family member, TFF3 (formerly intestinal trefoil factor, ITF). TFF3, like the other family members, is rapidly up-regulated in response to physical wounding of the digestive tract. In addition, Tff3 was also detected in the posterior pituitary gland. Apart from this Tff3 function as a neuropeptide, also presence of Tff3 in the mouse cochlea was noted and Tff3-deficient animals display hearing impairment and accelerated presbyacusis. To elucidate Tff3’s mode of function and its unexpected contribution to the hearing process, we strived to determine Tff3’s interacting partners and to establish the functional network. To this end, we used a protein-protein binding assay based on a specific transcriptional regulation in yeast cells (the yeast-two-hybrid assay). We looked for interacting partners of Tff3 in a mouse cochlea cDNA library (from donors aged 3-15 days, P3-P15). Our data show that several binding candidates exist and that they could contribute to the known involvement of the trefoil peptides to apoptosis.
An almost complete lizard specimen discovered from the Baltic amber of middle Eocene age is described and considered conspecific with the first Baltic amber lizard Succinilacerta succinea (Boulenger 1917). The new specimen demonsfrates that the typical lacertid morphotype was fully developed by the middle Eocene. This is in conflict with a possible derivation of all the extant lacertids from a common ancestor of no earlier than Oligocene age based on the recent albumin-immunological and karyologic analyses using molecular clock methodology. Outgroup analysis of the lacenid pileus characters is applied to reconstruct the order and rate of appearance of character states during the pre-Oligocene section of phylogeny of the lacertid clade theoretically beginning by about the Late Jurassic. Two synapomorphies are proposed for the whole lacertid clade, including Eocene Plesiolacerta: frontoparietal scales largely overlapping the parietal table with a corresponding central position of the interparietal, and presence of the occipital. Plesiolacertais the only stem lacertid known. Succinilacerta is considered a member of the crown lacertids on the basis of two other synapomorphies: an integration of parietal scales and a development of early ontogenetic conftol of the pileus pattern. Parietal integrity is suggested to be sensitive to animal size. Pileus fragmentation may be primary or secondary.
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