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We present a unique example of conversion of the morphogenesis type (from rhisogenesis to shoot organogenesis) in in vitro cultures of Solanum lycopersicoides. Liquid shoot primordia cultures (SPC) were obtained from root primordia culture (RPC) on two kinds of MS-based media with BA. The first SMS₈, contained a full set of organic compounds; the second, ²SMS₈, was devoid of organic compounds except sucrose and edamine. Two weeks after passage of RPC onto both the media, disintegration of root primordia and cell aggregates began. After 8 weeks of cultivation on SMS₈ and ²SMS₈ media, SPC aggregates developed from meristematic cells located near the vascular tissue of disintegrating RPC aggregates. Initiation of shoot meristems started from meristematic cells centers which were localised under the surface of the newly formed SPC aggregates. The change in the type of morphogenesis occurred faster on medium SMS₈, but the SPC on medium ²SMS₈ was characterized by more frequent formation of shoots and plants (45% of aggregates, in the case of SPC on medium SMS₈, and 90% in the case of SPC on medium ²SMS₈). This fact was correlated with the structural organization of the meristematic centers. Our results indicate that an RPC system has high morphogenetic potential due to the continual presence of meristematic cells. The change in the type of morphogenesis was followed by a rebuilding of the aggregate structure on the basis of the meristematic cells already existing in RPC, which gave rise to SPC aggregates from which shoot meristems developed.
Regeneration of cucumber plants from leaf explants resulted in a new species phenotype designated mosaic (msc). It is characterized by two types of spots on the leaves (zucchini-like and chlorophyllous) and has many altered morphological and physiological properties including slower growth, smaller organs, poorly germinating or empty seeds and a smaller number of flowers per node. In msc plants the shape of the first leaf is always altered, and in about 76% of the flowers the crown is reduced and distorted to a varying degree. Chloroplasts of the zucchini-like sectors are filled with large starch grains, and some of the embryos die at various stages of development. The msc phenotype is transmitted uniparentally only by the male plant and no segregation is observed in the F2 and subsequent generations. Possible mechanisms responsible for the msc phenotype and its transmission are discussed.
The paper presents a new way of obtaining viable and very homogeneous cucumber protoplasts. Protoplasts from cells formed in the shoot tip meristem culture were isolated from suspension. Plasmid pBI121 was introduced using impulse electric field. Effectiveness of transformation process was determined by the transient expression of ß-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, controlled by promotor 35S. The activity of ß-glucuronidase enzyme as a product of GUS reporter gene was estimated by fluorimetric method (JEFFERSON 1987). Parameters of electroporation process were optimized. The transient expression of GUS gene was measured 24 h after electroporation. The highest effectiveness of transformation process was achieved using three electric impulses at the initial voltage of 250-350 V at 10-sec. intervals as a result of discharging a 140 µF capacitor and 50-70 µg × cm⁻³ plasmid DNA in the presence of 50 µg × cm⁻³ carrier DNA. The system presented is an effective method of exogenic DNA transfer, which is indicated by a high transient expression of the reporter gene. In comparison to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, this alternative method of gene transfer can be used for obtaining transgenic cucumber plants.
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