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Development of genetically modified crop cultivars by the private biotechnology companies and their wide acceptance by farmers in a number of countries did not follow proper evaluation of their unintended effects on environment by the public research institutions in the past. The paper presents results of the first properly organized multi-instututional and multi-disciplinary field studies carried out in the United Kongdom on the effect of herbicide-tolerant transgenic cultivars of beet, maize and spring oilseed rape on selected components of agrocenosis. The methodology and techniques used in these wide scale studies undertaken under commercial fann conditions in various regions may serve as a model for other reseach programmes and countries. The needs for support by the national research institutions and foundations for such field studies in other countries are obvious in the face of emotional reactions of various groups of society, including some scientists, on releasing of genetically modified cultivars with novel properties. The author having 35 years of experience in breeding the crop plant resistance to pests hopes that pro and contra arguments for GMO will only be supported by objective research data.
The difference between biotic potential of a species and its actual abundance defines the environmental resistance or the effect of all factors that limit the biotic potential. The paper reviews practical exploration of major limitation factors in suppression of the exponential growth of a pest population under „unlimited” carrying capacity (food availability) of cultivated crop in agrocenosis. The following methods are presented: (a) using detrimental alternated food quality of resistant crop cultivars affecting pest population growth and the value of moderate level of resistance in the integrated pest management (IPM); (b) saving natural enemies by using selectively insecticides to upgrade the conservation biological control agents and (c) biodiversity and habitat management to provide suitable environment for natural enemies. The existing gaps in the scientist’s collected experimental data and knowledge and farmer’s practices on the pesticide selectivity for natural enemies still lead to some pest outbreaks in Poland. The evolution in research priorities and recommendations on the role of natural enemies in various agrocenoses by the IOBC working group on “Landscape management for functional biodiversity” indicated the shift from an individual field scale to the landscape scale and the needs for multidiscipline approach.
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