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 Chromosome segregation during meiosis is a complex process, which leads to production of four haploid gametes from two precursor cells. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins plays a crucial role in this process. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe Prp4 is an essential serine/threonine protein kinase, which belongs to the Clk/Sty family. To study the role of Prp4 in meiosis, we analysed chromosome segregation in a strain carrying conditional analog-sensitive allele of Prp4 protein kinase (prp4-as2). Our data show, that Prp4 protein kinase plays important role in chromosome segregation during meiosis, as revealed by enhanced missegregation of chromosomes in prp4-as2 mutant cells.
The aim of this study was to identify SNPs in leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR) and growth hormone (GH) genes in order to analyze genetic diversity of Slovak Spotted cattle. The total numbers of blood samples were taken from 353 Slovak Spotted cows originating from four farms. Genomic DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction method and analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. After digestion with restriction, enzymes were detected in whole population of cow's alleles with frequency: LEP/Sau3AI A 0.84 and B 0.16 (±0.0152); LEPR/BseGI C 0.95 and T 0.05 (±0.0089) and GH/AluI L 0.70 and V 0.30 (±0.0188). Based on the observed vs. expected genotypes frequencies populations across loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). Predominant for SNP LEP/Sau3AI was AA genotype (0.70), for SNP LEPR/T945M CC genotype (0.91), and LL genotype (0.48) was most frequent for SNP GH/AluI. The observed heterozygosity of SNPs across populations was also transferred to the low or median polymorphic information content 0.24 (He 0.28), 0.08 (He 0.09) and 0.33 (He 0.47) for LEP, LEPR and GH genes, respectively. Within genetic variability estimating negative values of fixation indexes FIS (-0.09-0.05) and FIT (-0.07-0.03) indicating heterozygote excess were observed. The value of FST indexes (0.018-0.023) shows very low levels of genetic differentiation in allele frequencies of loci among evaluated subpopulations. The low values of genetic distances (0.0018-0.0159) indicated high genetic relatedness among animals in subpopulations caused probably by common ancestry used in breeding program at farms.
The goal of work was identification A1 variant of bovine beta casein which involves ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus in human. The digestion of A1beta casein can result in the production of bioactive beta casomorphin-7 (BCM-7); this is not the case with A2. This bioactive peptide has been linked to physiological traits that may elicit effects on components of the vascular and immune systems. The material involved 111 Slovak Spotted breed. Bovine genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood by using commercial kit, and used in order to estimate beta-casein genotypes by means of PCR-RFLP method. The PCR products were digested with DdeI restriction enzyme. In the population included in the study were detected all three genotypes, homozygote genotype A1A1 (14 animals), heterozygote genotype A1A2 (37 animals) and homozygote genotype A2A2 (60 animals). In the total population of cattle homozygotes A2A2-0.5405 were the most frequent, while homozygotes A1A1-0.1261 were the least frequent ones. This suggests a superiority of allele A2 (0.7072) which does not produce BCM-7, and thus is safe for human consumption. The expected homozygosity for gene CSN2 is in the population stated a slight increase in homozygosity (0.5858). This caused a slight decrease in the level of possible variability realization (41.80%), which corresponds to the effective number of alleles (1.7071).
Leptin and leptin receptor genes are considered as production traits markers in dairy or beef cattle. The aim of this study was to verify the associations of polymorphisms in bovine LEP and LEPR genes with production and reproduction traits in Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau cows. Long-life production was evaluated: milk, protein, and fat yield and reproduction traits: age at first calving, calving interval, days open, and insemination interval. In total, 296 blood samples of Slovak Spotted and 85 hair roots samples of Pinzgau cows were analyzed. In order to detect LEP/Sau3AI (BTA 4, inron 2) and LEPR/T945M (BTA 3, exon 20) genotypes PCR-RFLP method was used. In Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau cows allele frequencies were 0.838/0.162 and 0.694/0.306 for A and B LEP variants, and 0.954/0.046 and 0.912/0.088 for C and T LEPR variants, respectively. For testing the associations between SNPs LEP/Sau3AI and LEPR/T945M and evaluated traits, the General Linear Model procedure in SAS Software was used. Statistical analysis showed that SNP LEP/Sau3AI significantly affected milk, protein and fat yield (P<0.05), and age at first calving (P<0.01) in analyzed population of cows. Statistically, SNP LEPR/T945M affected significantly calving interval (P<0.01) only. Results of our study suggest that especially leptin is a candidate gene, which influences mainly milk production traits and might be implemented in breeding strategies to improve the production performance of both analyzed cattle breeds.
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