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Badania realizowane w zlewni rzeki Pilicy, w ramach projektów badawczych KBN i środków ONZ, przyczyniają się do rozpoznania dynamiki procesu zasilania i eutrofizacji Zbiornika Sulejowskiego, a także służą opracowaniu naukowych podstaw ekohydrologicznego podejścia do ochrony zasobów wodnych. Artykuł przedstawia analizę procesu transportu rumowiska unoszonego na tle dynamiki przepływu rzeki Pilicy, pod kątem rozpoznania procesu zasilania Zbiornika Sulejowskiego materią mineralną i organiczną z wykorzystaniem metod analizy statystycznej. Metody te pozwalają na określenie powiązań i zależności pomiędzy wynikami opisującymi transport rumowiska unoszonego systemem rzecznym a przepływami niskimi, średnimi oraz wezbraniowymi.
This work deals with the application of a pattern recognition method to distinguish the degree of diaphragm paralysis after gradual unilateral sections of phrenic nerve rootlets in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats. The data set consisted of the features that characterize breathing pattern and of phrenic nerve amplitude. The method called for stratification of 6-dimensional vectors into three classes: intact, partial, and complete unilateral phrenicotomy, which offers the possibility to construe the classification rule on the basis of the information contained in a set of feature vectors with the known class-membership. This method deals with the use of a distance function as a measure of similarity between two feature points. The results show that the degree of diaphragm paralysis could be recognized with the probability higher than 90%. Distinguishing the severity of diaphragmatic dysfunction and the compensatory strategies of the respiratory system, knowing only a handful of basic values describing breathing pattern, might have a practical meaning in respiratory emergencies.
In the present study we investigated whether classical or non-classical statistical methods might be useful in the diagnosis of early changes evoked by intermittent hypoxia (IH) in an experimental model. The experiments were carried out in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits. IH consisted of 5 cycles of breathing 14% O2 in N2 for 1 min interspersed with 3 min normoxic intervals. The following ventilatory variables were evaluated: frequency breathing, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. The results indicate that IH had a progressively stimulatory effect on the baseline ventilation and on the hypoxic ventilatory responses. Further, the algorithms of the pattern recognition theory might be a suitable tool for the recognition of early ventilatory effects of recurrent hypoxic events in the IH model. The recognition of IH states may be useful in clinical and sports medicine.
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Ventilatory response to hypoxia in experimental pathology of the diaphragm

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In this study, we examined the usefulness of arterial blood gas variables, as changed by the hypoxic stimulus, in discerning various experimentally-induced conditions of diaphragm weakness in anesthetized cats. We defined three experimental situations (models): (i) intact muscle, statistical Class I, (ii) four degrees of muscle dysfunction (after sequential diaphragm denervation), Classes II-V, and (iii) entirely paralyzed muscle, Class VI. Responses to a hypoxic stimulus in the above-mentioned conditions were evaluated by using the methods of the pattern recognition theory. We found that before the hypoxic stimulus, with partial but of different severity denervation of the diaphragm, the k-nearest neighbor classifier (k-NN) assigned 100% of the classified cases to Class II (one phrenic nerve rootlet cut). In contrast, during hypoxia only 67% of cases were assigned to Class II, the remaining being spread throughout other classes of muscle weakness. When one limits the procedure to the extreme classes: Class I (intact diaphragm) and Class VI (totally denervated diaphragm), the k-NN picks out 33% and 50% cases of bilateral diaphragm paralysis before and during hypoxia, respectively. We conclude that any remaining innervations of the diaphragm ensure the functionally optimal level of lung ventilation that may waver when hypoxia develops.
Trained dogs are used for detection of drugs and explosives by law enforcement forces in many countries. There are, however, some gaps in our knowledge of behavior of certified detection dogs that may have impact on the results of their work. For example explosives detection dogs are expected to be less excitable and more cautious at work, not to cause the target material to explode. The aim of the study was to assess the most important behavioral characteristics during experimental searching (time to detect the target material, false alerts, style of searching, speed of movement, effective exploration time) in dogs of two breeds most commonly used for drugs and explosives detection. To assess the level of dogs’ arousal during work the concentration of cortisol in saliva before and after searching was estimated. One hundred twentythree drug detection dogs and 82 explosives detection dogs were investigated, out of which there were 106 German Shepherds (GS) and 99 Labrador Retrievers (LR). To analyze fluctuations in concentration of cortisol, saliva samples were collected before and 20 minutes after searching. The mean time elapsing to detect drugs during experimental searching was shorter (59 and 71 s for GS and LR dogs respectively) compared to the detection of explosives (101 and 91 s for GS and LR dogs respectively). Preliminary results show that mean cortisol concentration in saliva was slightly higher in explosives detection dogs compared to drug detection dogs. For both specialties the mean cortisol concentration increased during searching. In the GS dogs the increase in concentration of cortisol during searching compared to the level before work was particularly evident, whereas an opposite tendency was observed in the LR dogs. These breed differences should be confirmed using more saliva samples.
The study was carried out on live bivalve molluscs available on Polish market. Microbiological tests were performed for the presence of Salmonella sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, spore-forming anaerobe bacteria, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp., and for the enumeration of Escherichia coli. ELISA was used for the determination of marine biotoxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Microbiological examinations were performed according to ISO and Polish Standards. Salmonella sp. was not detected in any sample tested. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were identified in 9.0% of the samples. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 17.0% of mussels. Shellfish were highly contaminated by anaerobes, which were isolated from 68.0% of the samples. The number of E. coli ranged from <2.0 x 10¹ up to >1.8 x 10⁴ MPN/100 g. The majority of mussels were free from the marine biotoxins tested or contained them bellow the permitted level. The analysis of microbiological and toxicological status of raw bivalve molluscs available on Polish market indicates that they are generally safe for the consumers.
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