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The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency and strength of storm surges in the Oder River mouth area during the 1993/94–2016/17 seasons. The analyses involved water level readings recorded at gauges located in the Oder River mouth area, including the coasts of the Pomeranian Bay (Zatoka Pomorska) and the Szczecin Lagoon (Zalew Szczeciński), as well as the downstream reach of the Oder. Recognition of temporal and spatial water level variations in the region under investigation revealed signicant irregularities in storm surge occurrence; periods with an increased frequency of surges followed long periods with their scant occurrence. During the year, most of the storm events were observed between November and January. In the period discussed, the most severe and extensive storm surge in the Oder River mouth area was observed in October 2009. Very high surges were recorded in November 1995, January 2012, and January 2017. The long-lasting and extensive high water events in the downstream reach of Oder River resulted from the progressive and prolonged increase in sea level in the Pomeranian Bay. Long-term persistence of high water levels in the Oder River mouth area were also registered when storm surges limited the outflow of the Oder River during snow-melt events, ice jams developing on the lower Oder at the same time. Finally, severe storm events were observed under the condition of the increased water volume in the Baltic Sea.
The work presents the results of studies on meteorological and hydrological determination of water temperature in the coastal zone of the Pomeranian Bay. Different statistical methods used in the study revealed that coastal water temperature is under the influence of temperature of air masses and water temperature of inland input. The influence of water temperature of the Lower Odra River on sea temperature was stronger especially during the Odra flooding events and periods of air circulation coming from south-east to north-west directions. The influence of air temperature was increased when air circulation from north-east was noticed. As correlation coefficients received as a result of synchronous relating water temperature values at Międzyzdroje to water temperature values at Gozdowice and air temperature values at Swinoujscie were highly statistically significant it was possible to describe water temperature at the coastal zone of the Pomeranian Bay using equations of simple and multiple regression.
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The fluctuations of water level in the Odra Estuary

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The work presents the results of studies on hydrological and meteorological determination of water level fluctuations in the Odra Estuary. Firstly there has been found the evident continuous increase of average water level at the gauge Swinoujscie from the beginning of observational series (1811) due to eustatic changes and gradual land decreasing. Next the study revealed that seasonal fluctuations of sea level are determined by the quantity of sea basin filling which is dependent on circulation conditions. Then examined storm surges (1993-1995) emphasised the important role of sea surface distortion caused by the dynamical movement of low-pressure system. Finally there was found that circulation conditions modify relations between water discharge of the Lower Odra River and water level differences data as measured at the coastal stations of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Swina Strait. Especially during the Odra flooding events there were found statistically significant relations between them.
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