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Badania mleka zbiorczego od 238 rolników indywidualnych, z 14 zlewni i 11 gospodarstw wielkostadnych wykazały, że temperatura, bezwzględna liczba komórek somatycznych, wyniki testu Whitesida, kwasowość miareczkowa, aktywność reduktazowa, ogólna liczba bakterii mezofilnych tlenowych, liczba gronkowców koagulazododatnich, miano coli, zawar­tość substancji hamujących i antybiotyków betalaktanowych, w dużym procencie nie odpo­wiada zarówno Normie Polskiej jak i precyzyjnym wymaganiom EWG.
The purpose of the review is to describe the role of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) as etiological agents of mastitis in cows. Apart from streptococci and coliforms Staphylococci are currently the main etiological agents of udder inflammations. A typical feature that distinguishes more pathogenic from less pathogenic Staphylococcus species is the ability to produce of free coagulase and bound coagulase (clumping factor) through isolates. Strains that produce coagulase (coagulase-positive staphylococci; CPS) are simply called Staphylococcus aureus that belong to the major mastitis pathogens. As they are less pathogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) have been regarded as minor mastitis pathogens. The prevalence of mastitis caused by CNS definitely increased during last decade and presently these bacteria have became the most common etiological agents of mastitis in many countries. Among CNS, Staph. chromogenes, Staph. hyicus, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. simulans, Staph. warneri, Staph. xylosus and Staph. sciuri are most frequently isolated from mastitis. Changes in milk connected with CNS are less intensive if compare to those caused by CPS even in cases of subclinical forms of mastitis. Some CNS species as Staph. chromogenes and Staph. simulans seem to be more pathogenic because they were more frequently isolated from clinical mastitis. It seems the introduction of the contagious mastitis control program directed to Staph. aureus can decrease the intramammary infections by coagulase-negative staphylococci.
A hundred of E. coli strains from 86 cows with colimastitis were screened using the PCR method for the presence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) genes. The procedure involved amplifying the stx gene (stx1, stx2) and its variants (stx2c, stx2d, stx2e, stx2f) with primers described earlier by other authors. The amplification reaction generated PCR products of molecular masses 348, 584, 124, 175, 303, 428 bp, respectively, and 798 bp for 16S rRNA E. coli as an internal control. The presence of shiga toxin genes was found in four strains (4%) and stx2, stx 2c and stx2e genes were stated. The study indicates that mastitis milk can be potentially risky for human since it is an important source of shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains.
Thirty-seven cows affected with clinical mastitis (51 quarters) were injected iv with a single 0.02 mg/kg dose of Lydium-KLP. Fifteen cows were injected with both Lydium-KLP at the same dose given twice at a 24-hour interval and intramammary infusion of the agent (0.2 mg per quarter). It was found that the efficacy of the agent depended on the number of somatic cells in the mastitic milk and on their phagocytic activity at the beginning of the experiment.
The investigations were carried out in one farm during 3 years. Clinical mastitis was treated with the following drugs: 1) Pathozone (55 quarters), 2) Nafpenzal MC (69 quarters), 3) Vetimast (24 quarters), 4) Masticort PS (32 quarters), 5) Syntarpen (78 quarters), 6) a water solution of procainic penicillin (2 min iu) with 1,0 g of streptomycin in 100 ml of distilled water (311 quarters), 7) a water solution of 1,2 ml iu of procainic penicillin (270 quarters), 8) a water solution of streptomycin 1,0 g (16 quarters), 9) a water solution of ampicillin 0,5 g (11 guarters), 10) penicillin procainic (600 000 iu) with acetylosalicylic acid (200 mg) in a 5.0% glucose solution (105 quarters), 11) penicillin (600 000 iu) with chlormethine (0,2 mg) in a 5,0% glucose solution (157 quarters), 12) oxytetracyline (1,0 g) with acetylosalicylic acid (200 mg) in a 5,0% glucose solution (79 quarters), 13) oxytetracyline (1,0 g) with chlormethine (0,2 mg) in a 5,0% glucose solution (68 quarters), 14) neomycin (0,5 g) with acetylosalicylic acid (200 mg) in a 5,0% glucose solution (36 quarters), 15) erytromycin (0,6 g) with chlormethine (0,2 mg) (13 quarters). Pathozone and combinations of antibiotics with acetylosalicylic acid, chlormethine and glucose were intramammary infused only once. Other drugs were applied three times every 24 hr. The effect of therapy established on clinical examinations, bacteriological tests and cell counts in milk was evaluated on the 14th day after treatment. The percentage of cured quarters was as follows: 1 — 65,5%, 2 — 78,3%, 3 — 50%, 4 — 62,2%, 5 — 64,1%, 6 — 66,6%, 7 — 65,9%, 8 — 62,5%, 9 — 72,7%, 10 — 71,4%, 11 — 66,9%, 12 — 79,7%, 13 — 77,9%, 14 — 72,2%, 15 — 69,3%. Quarters treated with combinations of antibiotics with acetylosalicylic acid or chlormethine once were reinfected during the 3-month period half as often as those treated with other drugs.
При помощи компьютеризованной и автоматизированной системы исследования активности N-ацетил-В-D-глюкозаминидазы в молоке коров (NAG-аза критерий система, Eflab) диагнозировали воспалительные состояния (подклинические и oкрытые инфекции) молочных желез. Критерий NAG-азы опредоляет активность энзима отдельно для каждой доли относительно доли с наименьшей активностью в пределах вымени исследуемой коровы. Результаты измерений активности NAG-азы сопоставляли с результатами исследаваний: клинических вымени, бактериологических и цитологических молока. Результаты указывают на положительную взаимозависимость между содержанием соматических клеток в молоке и активностью NAG-азы. Активность энзима была статистически существенно выше в молоке из желез, инфицированных патогенными для вымени микроорганизмами, чем в молоке из желез, свободных от патогенов либо инфицированных Micrococcus. Кртерием NAG-азы обнаружили наивысший процент инфекции вымени, вызванных Sc. agalactiae и S. aureus.
There was determined the antibiotic sensitivity of 1777 bacterial strains isolated from subclinical and clinical mastitis in cows from 20 farms. The assessment was performed by the paper disc method. It was found that Str. agalactiae was most sensitive to ampicillin (93.7%), erythromycin (88.8%), and penicillin (86.7%), Str. dysgalactiae — to chloramphenicol (96.5%), erythromycin (91.8%) and penicillin (84.6%), Str. uberis to chloramphenicol (95.6%), erythromycin (91.8%) and penicillin (88.5%), Staph. aureus to neomycin (87.0%), chloramphenicol (85.8%) and erythromycin (84.7%), Staph. epidermidis to chloramphenicol (98.1%), neomycin (87.6%) and streptomycin (77.7%), Micrococcus spp to neomycin (91.2%) and streptomycin (77.5%), E. coli to streptomycin (78.9%) and neomycin (75.0%). However, 10.1% of the strains under study appeared to be resistant to Nafpenzal.
The activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NA-Gase) was determined in 40 samples of quarter milk from 40 healthy cows, and in 188 samples of secretion from subclinically and clinically inflamed udders, and in 181 sample of raw bulk milk collected from small private farms. The study was performed by ADC apparatuses and diagnostics delivered by ELKABE Ltd. The average activity of NAGase was the following: 125 AFU for health quarters, 220 AFU for the recovered quarters on the 21st day after treatment (s.c.c. 300 000), 260 AFU for the cases of latent udder infections caused by S. aureus or S. agalactiae (s.c.c. below 350 000/ml), 680 AFU for cases of subclinical bacterial or aseptic mastitis (average s.c.c. 3.5 milion/ml), and 1360 AFU for quarters affected with clinical forms of mastitis. The activity of NAGase in raw bulk milk was as follows: 117 AFU for s.c.c. below 200 000/ml, 123 AFU for s.c.c. 201 000-300 000/ml, 139 AFU s.c.c. 301 000-400 000/ml, 143 AFU for s.c.c. 401 000-500 000/ml, and 246 AFU for s.c.c. 0.75-1 mln/ml determined by Fossomatic. It has been noted that the state of healthy of udders and the changes in a quarter milk are determined more precisely by NAGase than by somatic cell count. The „cut off’ indicator and Applied Diagnostics Corporation computer programme are fully appropriate for the estimation of the hygienic acceptability of raw bulk milk.
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