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The study was conducted on four beef cannulae put into forestomach of 500 kg mass in the Latin square system. The control group, apart from corn silage, was fed with hay, while experimental groups were fed trefoil silage, darnel or meadow trefoil-darnel mixture. The parameters characterizing changes taking place in the rumen as well as the number of bacteria and protozoa were determined in the rumen fluid collected before feeding and 1.5 h and 3 hours after feeding. The substitution of hay with silage caused the increase of N-NH3 concentration in the rumen and changed the fermentation profiles expressed by the increase of the amounts of the following acids: propanoic, pentanoic and iso-pentanoic, and the decrease of the following acids: acetic and butyric. The silage of meadow trefoil caused the increase of bacteria and protozoa count, while the darnel silage and meadow trefoil-darnel mixture only caused the increase of bacteria count, and reduced the protozoa count.
W badaniach określono zależności pomiędzy procentowym udziałem koniczyny w mieszance a parametrami jej przydatności do kiszenia. Wyprowadzono również równania regresji pozwalające szacować zawartość w zielonkach cukrów łatwo rozpuszczalnych, białka, pojemność buforową i fermentacyjność zielonek na podstawie składu botanicznego mieszanek motylkowo-trawiastych. Przy wykorzystaniu wszystkich badanych parametrów najlepiej opisującymi te zależności były równania regresji wielomianowej. Oszacowana minimalna zawartość suchej masy dla mieszanki zawierającej 22% koniczyny wynosiła ok. 20%. Wskazuje to, że teoretycznie możliwe byłoby zakiszenie takiej zielonki bez podsuszania i stosowania dodatków.
This paper reviews the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, based on ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evidence. The distribution and morphology of ICC at each level of the normal GI tracts is addressed from the perspective of their functional significance. Alterations of ICC reported in as well as in GI stromal tumours are reviewed, with emphasis on the place of ICC in the pathophysiology of disease. (Folia Morphol 2016, 75, 3: 281–286)
W badaniach określono wpływ paszy treściwej, podawanej krowom od piątego tygodnia przed ocieleniem, na wydajność i skład mleka oraz zdrowotność krów w trzech pierwszych miesiącach laktacji, oraz masę cielęcia. Najwyższą wydajność (x 41,6 kg) i procentową zawartość tłuszczu w mleku stwierdzono u krów dokarmianych już od piątego tygodnia przed wycieleniem największą ilością pasz treściwych. Krowy te rodziły także cielęta o wyższej masie ciała, szybciej wchodziły w okres wysokiej produkcji mleka oraz były mniej podatne na mastitis, a w mleku od tych krów stwierdzono mniej komórek somatycznych. Natomiast dokarmianie krów paszą treściwą w okresie zasuszenia nie miało wpływu na zawartość białka w mleku.
Materiał badawczy stanowiły kiszonki z pszenżyta uprawianego bez nawożenia i nawożonego azotem w dawce 100 kg·ha⁻¹ (I czynnik doświadczalny), sporządzone bez dodatku (gr. kontrolna), z udziałem preparatu Neubacid-Sil P-liquid oraz z udziałem preparatu Neubacid-Sil C-liquid (II czynnik doświadczalny). W badaniach oznaczono skład chemiczny, jakość i stabilność tlenową kiszonek, a także wyliczono straty suchej masy i białka w czasie ich konserwacji. Kiszonki bez nawożenia azotowego charakteryzowały się w porównaniu z pszenżytem nawożonym azotem niższą zawartością białka ogólnego oraz nieco gorszą jakością. Dodatek preparatów kiszonkarskich polepszył skład chemiczny kiszonek i ich jakość, a także zmniejszył straty suchej masy i białka w czasie konserwacji. Najbardziej stabilne w warunkach tlenowych były kiszonki z dodatkiem Neubacid-Sil C-liquid.
Background: Invasive cardiac procedures, such as arrhythmia ablation, cardiac resynchronisation therapy, percutaneous mitral annuloplasty and retrograde cardioplegia delivery require cannulation of the coronary sinus (CS). Detailed knowledge of the CS ostium region, including recognition of the presence of the Thebesian valve which sometimes covers the sinus, is a key to successfully carry out such procedures. Materials and methods: In the present study, 160 autopsied human hearts from both sexes were examined for the presence of the Thebesian valve. If identified, the histological structure of the valve was studied. Results: Five types of the CS valve were distinguished; all of them presented with a typical histological structure with the exception of the cord-like type, in which cells were similar to those of the conduction system of the heart. Conclusions: Proper identification of the CS valve and analysis of its size and histological features could have important implications for electrophysiologists. (Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 3: 298–301)
Background: The aim of the current study was to analyse the extra- and intracerebral course of the recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) to provide detailed information for neurosurgeons operating in this area. Materials and methods: The material for this study was obtained from cadavers (ages 31–75 years) during routine autopsies. A total of 70 human brains (39 male and 31 female) were examined. The material was collected not later than 48 h post-mortem. People who died due to neurological disorders were not included into the study. Right after dissection the arteries were perfused with either acrylic paint emulsion, polyvinyl chloride or Mercox CL-2R resin, through the Circle of Willis or electively through the RAH. The obtained material was analysed using a stereoscopic light microscope, magnification 2–40 x. Results: The RAH was present in 138 hemispheres with a mean of 1.99 RAH per hemisphere (275 RAH in total). The mean RAH length was 25.2 mm and the mean RAH diameter, in its place of origin, was 1 mm. In 168 (61%) cases the RAH ran superiorly, in 88 (32%) cases anteriorly, in 11 (4%) cases inferiorly and in 8 (3%) cases posteriorly to the A1 segment. In 70.2% of the cases the course of the RAH was parallel to the anterior communicating artery A1 segment, and in 29.8% of the cases the RAH arched towards the olfactory tract. As the extracerebral course of the RAH was always tortuous, its length was 1 to 5 times the distance between its place of origin and the most lateral point of anterior perforated substance (APS) penetration. The intracerebral course of the RAH was almost always univectorial — towards the head of the caudate nucleus. The course of RAH branches depended on their number. When the number of RAHs and their branches was low, they separated immediately after penetrating the APS and formed multiple small branches. When the number of RAHs and branches was high, post-APS branching was less frequent and occurred in distal segments. Conclusions: The origin and course of the RAH is highly variable. The RAH, in its extra- and intracerebral course, may join with the middle group of the lenticulostriate arteries or directly with the middle cerebral artery. This artery should be routinely identified during anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping to prevent postoperative neurological deficits. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 2: 94–99)
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the histological structure (cross- -sectional area — CSA, number of nerve bundles) of the human sural nerve at the level above the lateral malleolus, using computer-assisted image analysis. Materials and methods: This study has been conducted using sural nerves dissected from cadavers during routine autopsies. The harvested tissues samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 4 µm and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Each cross-section was photographed (16 × magnification) and the images were analysed using Java ImageJ. Results: The studied group comprised 12 women and 25 men (mean age 60.1 ± 15.7 years), yielding a total of 74 sural nerves (37 right vs. 37 left). The mean ± standard deviation CSA of the sural nerve was 0.14 ± 0.07 cm². The mean number of nerve bundles in the sural nerve was 10.5 ± 6.0. In terms of gender and side, neither the CSA (p = 0.45 and p = 0.79, respectively) nor the number of nerve bundles revealed any differences (p = 0.34 and p = 0.47, respectively). Strong negative correlations were noted between the age of the donors and the sural nerve CSA (r = –0.69, p = 0.02), as well as the number of nerve bundles (r = –0.57, p = 0.06). Conclusions: This study shows that there are no statistical differences between the CSA and the number of nerve bundles in the sural nerve when compared by gender and side of the lower limb. This study also allows drawing the conclusion that the sural nerve degenerates with age in terms of both the CSA and the number of nerve bundles. (Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 3: 292–297)
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the venous structure of regular and myomatous human uteri, using corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Special attention was paid to the endometrium and the so called ‘venous lakes’. Materials and methods: Uteri collected at autopsy (n = 67) were injected with Mercox CL-2R resin, which penetrated the capillary bed and filled both arteries and veins. After the polymerisation of the resin, the corrosion was performed. The obtained vascular casts, visualising all vessels including capillaries, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Results: Amongst the 67 uteri prepared for the corrosion casting, only 22 (15 containing leiomyomata) yielded casts of acceptable quality for SEM assessment. Veins of the endometrium and the myometrium were present in the form of a chaotic network, which did not run parallel to the arterial system, but was rather independent. Microscopic venous dilations (‘venous lakes’) were observed both within the functional layer of the endometrium and the myometrium. They were digit-like in shape and could be compared to venous sinuses. They drained the subendothelial capillary plexus and were supplied by numerous capillaries and venules. Their size ranged from 270 to 420 µm. Those dilatations were absent in the outer myometrium and the perimetrium, as well as the uterine cervix. We have not observed any arteriovenous anastomoses. Conclusions: The myomatous uteri tend to have larger venous lakes than the normal uteri. The number and size of venous lakes increases with menstrual cycle progression. Further data on morphology and changes in venous lakes using scanning electronic microscopy should be acquired. (Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 2: 164–168)
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