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Arsenic (As) contaminates drinking water worldwide and its potential impact on human health has been studied for decades. A number of traditional medicinal plants are used to counteract arsenic’s deleterious effects on humans. Phytochemical screening of Caryopteris grata revealed the presence of Quercetin, myricetin, sesquiterpenoids, and spathulenol. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the crude extract of leaves of C. grata inhibited arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in albino BALB/c mice. To examine the effects, mice were divided into five groups (A-E) of 6 mice each: Group A was provided with distilled water and served as a control. Group B mice were given sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (bw) for 10 days orally. Groups C, D, and E were treated with NaAsO₂ plus graded doses of C. grata extract (150, 300, 400 mg/kg bw), respectively. Testicular activities of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, POD, SOD, GSH, GSR, and serum testosterone levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in Group B compared to Group A. C. grata markedly normalized (P<0.05) levels of CAT (0.72 and 0.46 U/mint), POD (0.311 and 0.126 U/mint), SOD (2.11 and 1.33 U/mg protein), GSH (0.679 and 0.284 µmol/g), and GSR (216.11 and 172.25 nmol/min/mg protein), along with testosterone levels (1.18±0.017 and 0.38±0.021 ng/ml) at the tested doses, respectively. Conclusively, the crude extract of C. grata leaves may inhibit both arsenic’s adverse effect on male reproductive hormones and testicular oxidative damage in mice.
The purpose of the present study was to scrutinize the effect of glyphosate and atrazine (herbicide) on blood biochemical and hematological parameters of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio), including plasma glucose (RBS), cholesterol (CH), serum protein (SP), creatinine phosphates (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), WBC, hemoglobin (Hb), platelets (PT), lymphocytes (LP), monocytes (MT), esinophils (EN), and neutrophils (NT), and on behavioral aspects for (24, 48, 72, 96) hours under doses of (0.1, 0.07, 0.05, 0.02) and (0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05)mlL-1 respectively of glyphosate and atrazine. For analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters, the protocol of biochemical analyzer set (Merck Micro Lab 300 biochemistry analyzer) and hematological analyzer (Mindray BC-2300 Hematology Analyzer) was followed in the laboratory. An upturn in RBS, CH, and WBC concentration was observed while SP, LDH, LT, MT, and EP concentrations were decreased against both herbicides. CPK and Hb concentrations were increased against atrazine, while against glyphosate the concentrations were decreased. PT and NT showed momentous upturn in concentrations against glyphosate, while showing a decline against atrazine. Both herbicides affected the blood biochemical and hematological parameters of the selected fish. Behaviorally, changes were observed against both herbicides, including loss of equilibrium, increase in the frequency of opercular movements, fast swimming and jumping, losing balance, becoming exhausted and lethargic, vertical swimming, and bleeding at the base of the eyeballs.
The present study contemplates the enzymatic profile of grass carp, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine phosphokinases (CPK), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phosp) under atrazine’s acute toxicity effects (LC50) for 01 (15 μl/L), 02 (13 μl/L), 03 (10 μl/L), and 04 (08 μl/L) days/concentration, respectively. For analyzing the enzymatic profile we followed the biochemical analyzer set protocol (Merck micro lab 300 biochemistry analyzer) in the laboratory. Control group concentrations for LDH, CPK, SGPT, and Alk Phosp were 342 IU/ml, 7513.3 IU/ml, 46 mmol/l, and 126.6 IU/ml, respectively. After treatment LDH concentrations were 906, 851, 765, and 545 IU/ml, respectively. CPK concentrations were 1,737, 2,445, 3,718, and 5,767 IU/ml, respectively. SGPT concentrations were 27, 24.3, 13.67, and 8.67, respectively, and Alk Phosp concentrations were 50.3, 30, 22.3, and 17.6 IU/ml, respectively. Maximum inclined (P≤0.001) in concentration of LDH was observed after 24 hrs exposure because of hepatic tissue damage, resulting in increased membrane permeability causing enhanced leaching out of LDH and as LDH participates in an anaerobic pathway, so increase LDH mean increases of anaerobic metabolism resulting from depletion of energy under environmental stress conditions by atrazine, while other enzymatic components like CPK, SGPT, and Alk Phosp showed kindred attributes in their result, like all parameter concentrations showed perpetual decline (P≤0.001) in their concentrations indicating reduced enzymatic activity due to a reduction in permeability for these enzymes, forcing the enzymes to accumulate in the cells as well as decrease in enzyme synthesis due to intoxication of atrazine.
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