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This study compared five non-linear growth functions (Gompertz, logistic, Lopez, Richards and Weibull) using body weight (BW) measurements from a commercial strain (Ross 308) and Iranian native chickens. Seventy two commercial broilers and seventy two native chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments. Each treatment consisted of six replicates of three chickens. The chickens were fed with maize-soyabean meal supplying four levels of metabolizable energy (ME) (100%, 94%, 88% and 82% of NRC recommendations) for eight weeks. Body weight was measured weekly from 2 weeks of age. Flexible growth functions were evaluated for their ability to describe the relationship between liveweight and age, and were compared with functions having a fixed point of inflection. Based on goodness of fit criteria and statistical performance, the flexible growth functions fit the data better than the functions with a fixed point of inflection, such as the Gompertz and logistic functions. Among the flexible growth functions, the Richards function gave the best fit to the data, with adjusted coefficients of determination ranging from 99.51 to 99.12 for commercial and native birds, respectively. The results indicated that commercial broilers had a higher final body weight (Wf ) than the native chickens. The chickens receiving 100% ME concentrations had higher body weights compared with the chickens on lower energy levels. Based on the Richards function, the decreased dietary ME concentrations caused a linear reduction in Wf in the commercial strain (P < 0.05); however, dietary energy concentrations had no effect on the Wf and other growth curve parameters in native chickens (P > 0.05
Studies on nutritional regulation of digestive enzymes in ruminants are scarce. Fat supplementation of diets for dairy cows changes the supply of nutrients for absorption and transport. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of the physical form of rapeseed (Brassica napus) fat on the duodenal enzyme profile in dairy cows. Four mid-lactation Danish Holstein dairy cows were submitted to an experiment with a 4 × 4 Latin square design and fed four rations containing 50% forage and 50% concentrate on a dry matter basis. The four rations were: a control ration with rapeseed meal (low fat) and three fat-supplemented rations with either rapeseed cake (RSC), whole cracked rape seed (WCR), or rapeseed oil (RSO). The correlation coefficients among duodenal enzyme activities and the relationship between α-amylase and protease activities were examined. Diurnal samples were taken from the duodenum, frozen immediately and stored frozen (–20°C) before analyses. Additional fat increased the soluble protein content in duodenal chyme (P < 0.05). Neither α-amylase nor the protease or soluble sugar concentrations were affected by the treatments. Lipase activity increased for RSO compared with the control. The relationship between α-amylase and protease activities showed a parabolic behaviour (r = 0.77; P = 0.061). In conclusion, inclusion of rapeseed oil in the ration of dairy cows under the experimental conditions increased the soluble protein concentration and lipase activity in duodenal chyme
In the present study digestive enzyme activities were studied in the rumen, intestine and faeces of dairy cows fed rations differing in starch source. Three total mixed rations were prepared for dairy cows with maize cob silage (MCS), sodium hydroxide-treated wheat (SHW) or rolled barley as starch source. The study was arranged as 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 cows fistulated in the rumen, duodenum and ileum. The rations consisted of grassclover silage and maize silage (~60% of dry matter (DM)), rapeseed cake, soyabean meal, sugar beet pulp and 1 of 3 different starch sources MCS, SHW or rolled barley (~25% of DM). Samples from different parts of the digestive tract (rumen, duodenum, ileum) and faeces were collected and enzymatic activities of α-amylase, protease and lipase as well as their products content in fresh samples were estimated. When MCS replaced barley or SHW, it resulted in lower DM (2.61 vs 2.91 and 3.15%) and a higher ash content (30.99 vs 29.24 and 24.31%) in the ruminal fluid without affecting enzyme activities. Positive correlation between lipolytic and amylolitic activities in ruminal fluid was stated, which supported the hypothesis that amylolytic bacteria provide energy for lipolytic bacteria. So, the enzymes activities in the different parts of the digestive tract were not affected by the different starch sources.
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