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Among post-translational modifications of chromatin proteins taking place in DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, acetylation plays a prominent role. This review lists several facts and hypotheses concerning this process. Lack of acetyltransferase TIP60 (HIV-Tat interacting protein of 60 kDa) activity results in cells with defective DSB repair. The enzyme is present in the nucleus in a multimeric protein complex. TIP60 dependent activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase) is an early event in the response to DNA breakage. Other important acetylations are those of histones H4 and γH2AX. Correct reconstruction of the damaged site is critical for survival and prevention of genetic and epigenetic changes in the cell that may affect the function of its daughter cells. Recently, two proteins with previously unsuspected functions in DSB repair have been identified as active in this process: Alzheimer β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its binding partner FE65, β-amyloid precursor binding protein. Their participation in DSB repair in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells is related to acetylation carried out by the acetyltransferase complex. The same function is ascribed to heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). So far, the relations (if any) between TIP60 activation by HP1 and by the FE65 complex remain unidentified.
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Silver nanoparticles – allies or adversaries?

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Nanoparticles (NP) are structures with at least one dimension of less than 100 nanometers (nm) and unique properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP), due to their bactericidal action, have found practical applications in medicine, cosmetics, textiles, electronics, and other fields. Nevertheless, their less advantageous properties which make AgNP potentially harmful to public health or the environment should also be taken into consideration. These nanoparticles are cyto- and genotoxic and accumulate in the environment, where their antibacterial properties may be disadvantageous for agriculture and waste management. The presented study reviews data concerning the biological effects of AgNP in mammalian cells in vitro: cellular uptake and excretion, localization in cellular compartments, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The mechanism of nanoparticle action consists on induction of the oxidative stress resulting in a further ROS generation, DNA damage and activation of signaling leading to various, cell type-specific pathways to inflammation, apoptotic or necrotic death. In order to assure a safe application of AgNP, further detailed studies are needed on the mechanisms of the action of AgNP on mammalian cells at the molecular level.
Cells with mutated autophosphorylation sites in the ABCDE cluster of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are defective in the repair of ionising radiation-induced DSB, but show in an in vitro test the same DNA-PK activity as the cells possessing wild type enzyme. Nevertheless, the mutated DNA-PK is able to undergo ATP-dependent autophosphorylation and inactivation. This characteristics correspond well with the phenotypic features of the L5178Y-S (LY-S) cell line that is defective in DSB repair, shows a pronounced G1 phase radiosensitivity, but in which the level of DNA-PK activity present in total cell extracts is similar to that of its radioresistant counterpart L5178Y-R (LY-R) cell line. The purpose of this work was to examine the possible alterations in the sequence encoding the cluster of autophosphorylation sites in the DNA-dependent protein kinase in LY-S cells. Despite the presence of phenotypic features indicating the possibility of such alterations, no differences were found between the sequences coding for the autophosphorylation sites in L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells. In conclusion, the repair defect in LY-S cells is not related to the structure of the DNA-PK autophosphorylation sites (ABCDE casette).
The L5178Y (LY) murine lym phoma sublines LY-R and LY-S are dif fer en tially sen si tive to ion iz ing ra di a tion. The high ra di a tion sen si tiv ity of LY-S cells is re lated to im­paired rejoining of DNA double strand breaks. We found previously that the g-ray-induced base dam age is higher in the more radiosensitive LY-S subline. Here, we ex am ine the role of the re pair of ion iz ing ra di a tion in duced base dam age in re la tion to the radiosensitivity dif fer ence of these sublines. We used the GS/MS tech nique to es ti mate the re pair rates of six types of base dam­age in g-irradiated LY cells. All mod i fied DNA bases iden ti fied in the course ofthis study were typ i cal for ir ra di ated chromatin. The to tal amount of ini tial base dam age was higher in the ra di a tion sen si tive LY-S subline than in the ra di a tion re sis tant LY-R subline. The re pair rates of 5-OHMeUra, 5-OHCyt, 8-OHAde were sim i lar in both cell lines, the re pair rates of FapyAde and 8-OHGua were higher in the radiosensitive LY-S cell line, whereas the re pair of 5-OHUra was faster in its radio resistant coun ter part, the LY-R. Al to gether, the re pair rates of the g-ray-induced DNA base dam age in LY sublines are re lated nei ther to the ini tial amounts of the dam aged bases nor to the dif fer en tial le thal or mutagenic ef fects of ion iz ing ra di a tion in these sublines.
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