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Although umbels of common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) are visited by numerous insect species, only about 2-3 taxa pollinate its flowers. This paper presents two-seasonal observations of diurnal activity of the major insect visitors to inflorescences of H. sphondylium and its key pollinators. The results obtained for two H. sphondylium subspecies occurring naturally in Poland show that insect activity is the highest in the first part of the day and decreases towards the evening. This is mainly implicated by the behavior of dipterans, which intensively feed on hogweed flowers. Other insect orders (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera), but also the dipteran key pollinators (Eriozona syrphoides and Lucilia spp.) do not express any statistically significant preferences for any part of the day.
Campsis radicans is an attractive climber with typical ornitogamous flowers, native to North America. In natural conditions this out-crossed plant is pollinated mostly by hummingbirds. In Poland, where C. radicans is cultivated as ornamental, it rarely sets seeds. The questions addressed in the present study were: (1) What animals pollinate its flowers in Poland?, and (2) What is the reason for infrequent fruit set? Field studies conducted in five localities in Poland showed that the principal pollinator is Apis mellifera, and the lack of seeds is usually caused by pollinator limitation or absence of genetically different pollen donor plants.
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Wpływ poliestru na zdrowie człowieka

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W prezentowanej pracy dokonano analizy piśmiennictwa dotyczącego wpływu poliestru na zdrowie człowieka. Poliester jest syntetyczną żywicą używaną w produkcji odzieży, guzików, butelek itp. i z powodu swej trwałości oraz niskich kosztów produkcji stał się jednym z bardziej szeroko używanych związków syntetycznych. Jest dobrze wiadomym, że rodzaj surowca, z którego jest wykonany dany produkt, może mieć wpływ na organizm człowieka. Zatem celem prezentowanej pracy była ocena wpływu poliestru na biochemiczne i fizjologiczne parametry organizmu człowieka.
Habitat fragmentation, caused by, among all, agriculture and urbanization, is one of the most important drivers of plant biodiversity decline worldwide. One of the signs of deteriorating zoogamous plant reproduction is pollen limitation, often associated with a decline in pollinator diversity and abundance. Various authors predict that the most vulnerable taxa are outbreeding plant species characterized by specialist pollination systems. We have, therefore, focused on self-incompatible Corydalis solida, an ancient forest, spring ephemeral plant, growing in three remnant urban populations in the city of Warsaw (Poland). Over two years, we checked for pollen limitation and recorded insect diversity and abundance for C. solida flowers. Our study populations composed of self-incompatible individuals were mainly visited by generalist pollinators, and produced more seeds when supplementally pollinated. Pollen limitation, however, was greater during 1 year with an early spring onset, when we observed a decline in floral visitors diversity and activity. This was probably an effect of phenological mismatch between plants and their pollinators, in this case, mostly social bees, i.e., over-wintered bumblebee queens and Apis mellifera. We conclude that for outbreeding zoogamous spring ephemerals, such as C. solida serviced by generalist pollinators, changing climatic conditions may override the effects of habitat fragmentation and influence their reproductive success.
Dokonano oceny i porównania transportu zbiorowego w wybranych miastach Polski przy uwzględnieniu oczekiwań różnych grup interesu, tj. pasażerów, władz miasta i operatorów. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę AHP. W pierwszym etapie badań zdefiniowano takie kryteria oceny transportu miejskiego, jak: dostępność, prędkość eksploatacyjna, jakość taboru, przydatność floty, praca przewozowa, koszt wozokilometra, efektywność. Następnie dokonano porównań systemów transportu miejskiego poszczególnych miast w ramach kryteriów i ostatecznie stworzono ich ranking. Pozycję lidera w rankingu zajęła Warszawa, a kolejne miejsca przypadły dla Gdańska, Krakowa i Poznania.
One of the important problems of modern conservation biology is the lack of reliable data on plant pollination systems, especially for taxa threatened with extinction. This paper is an attempt to collect and analyze the available literature data on pollination of Polish red list plants. The Polish red list includes 469 angiosperm taxa, over 53% of them are insect-pollinated and visited mostly by bees and fl ies, insects that are also declining in Europe. These numbers however are mainly based on lists of fl ower visitors and detailed studies of pollination biology or breeding system are available for less than 20% of the taxa, with further 10% almost completely unstudied in terms of their life histories. The paper indicates that there is an urgent need to study plant-pollinator relationships in order to better conserve the biodiversity in local and global scales.
Scientific studies state that a considerable part of the economic value of crop plant production should be attributed to the free services of pollinating insects. Such calculations are available for several EU and North American countries, and the present paper evaluates the value of pollination services to 19 important Polish crop plants. It is estimated that the market value of 19 entomogamous crops reaches the sum of approx. 7.5 billion PLN (thousand million) (approx. 1.8 billion EUR), 39% of this may be attributed to the insect activities, the most important being bees (the service value of approx. 2.5 billion PLN/0.6 billion EUR) and dipterans (almost 0.3 billion PLN/ 74 billion EUR). The paper discusses also the challenges and pitfalls of similar estimations and the need for conservation actions directed on crop plant pollinators.
Contents of a typical postindustrial pond that was used 12 years previously as a tank for collecting waste water pumped from a coal mine was evaluated on the basis of 19 samples collected from the pond and surrounding area. Measurements of radium, thorium, and potassium, plus cesium activity, were performed with the use of a germanium detector – HPGe 4020 by examining photons with energy in the range 0.5 MeV to 3 MeV. In consequence, the concentrations of such radioisotopes as 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and, 137Cs were determined by their decay products, but the radiation effect of natural radioisotopes was estimated by I1 and I2 coefficients. The investigation shows the most contaminated residue in the sediments at the bottom of the settling tank.
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