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The presence of protein kinase activity and its phosphorylated products has been demonstrated on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of endothelial cells. Extracellular phosphorylation was detected by incubation of primary endothelial cells (HUVEC's) and endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 with [γ-32P]ATP. The reaction products were subjected to SDS/PAGE, autoradiography and scanning densitometry. Under the experimental conditions, five proteins with apparent molecular masses of 19, 23, 55, 88, and 110 kDa were prominently phosphorylated in both types of cells. Phosphorylation of the 19 kDa protein was the most rapid reaching maximum after 60 s and then the protein became dephosphorylated. Ecto-protein kinases responsible for the surface labeling of membrane proteins were characterized by using (a) protein kinase C inhibitors: K-252b, chelerythrine chloride, and [Ala113] myelin basic protein (104-118), (b) protein kinase A inhibitor Kemptide 8334, and (c) casein kinase II inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB). Stimulation of endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interferon g (IFNγ) is associated with 20-80% reduction of extracellular phosphorylation of all membrane proteins. IFNγ bound to membrane receptors becomes rapidly phosphorylated. Only in the case of IFNγ it was associated with the appearance of a strongly poshosphorylated band of 17 kDa corresponding to IFNγ itself. Phosphorylation of this 17 kDa exogenous substrate was prevented by an ecto-kinase inhibitor K-252b. The existence of ecto-phosphoprotein phosphatase activity in endothelial cells was evidenced by testing the effect of microcystin LR - a membrane impermeable reagent that inhibits both PP-1 and PP-2a phosphoprotein phosphatases. The extent of phosphorylation of 19 kDa and 110 kDa phosphoproteins significantly increased in the presence of microcystin. Our results suggest the presence of at least two ecto-kinase activities on endothelial cells that may play a significant role(s) in the regulation of cytokines function.
Recently we observed that the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 bind to the CTCCTCCTC sequence located between positions -194 and -172 of the αv promoter region and are directly involved in the regulation of transcriptional activity of the αv gene in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Czyz & Cierniewski, 1999, Eur. J. Biochem. 265, 638). In this report we provide evidence that the GATA-1 factor regulates αv expression during differentiation of pluripotent K562 cells in­duced either by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or butyric acid (BA) through interaction with the GATA element in the «v gene promoter. DNase I footprinting analysis revealed that region -413 to -408, covering the GATA binding site, was pro­tected by nuclear extract from K562 cells. There was no protection of this region by HUVEC nuclear extract. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis of nu­clear extract of K562 cells treated with BA revealed an increase in GATA binding ac­tivity, which was associated with reduced αv mRNA and αv protein on the cell surface. Stimulation of K562 cells with PMA resulted in opposite effects: lower expression of GATA-1 was associated with increased levels of αv. We conclude that the GATA-1 tran­scription factor specifically binds to the GATA element in the αv gene promoter and negatively regulates αv gene expression.
Congenitally abnormal fibrinogens with impaired fibrin monomer polymerization have been described to contain single amino-acid substitutions localized in certain positions of the γ275-330peptide region. To evaluate the role of the amino-acid sequence in the vicinity of Arg 275 in fibrin monomer polymerization, the peptide fragment corresponding to γ268-282was synthesized and used to obtain peptide-specific antibodies. These antibodies, when purified immunochemically on the immobilized peptide, bound to the intact fibrinogen and fibrin monomers with the same binding affinity. However, they did not recognize the Y268-282epitopes on the denatured and reduced fibrinogen molecules. The lack of influence of antipeptide antibodies on fibrin monomer polymerization indicates that the γ268-282peptide is not directly involved in the structure of the polymerization site in the D domain of fibrinogen. It is suggested that substitution of Arg275either by His or Cys in abnormal fibrinogens results probably in conformational changes which disturb a proper orientation of the polymerization site and reduce its expression.
Plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides increase in some pathological conditions, but very little is known about the effect of these vasodilator peptides on the regulation of the blood coagulation system. The fundamental role in the regulation of fibrinolysis is played by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). Recent studies demonstrate that natriuretic peptides can modulate PAI-1 expression in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells and rat aortic endothelial cells. In this report, we tested the effect of natriuretic peptides on PAI-1 expression in the human endothelial cell line (EA.hy 926). For this purpose, we treated the cell cultures with ANP, BNP and CNP, and modulation of PAI-1 synthesis was evaluated. We compared the effect of natriuretic peptides on synthesis and release of PAI-1 in unstimulated cells, and after activation with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Natriuretic peptides abolished TNFα-induced upregulation of PAI-1 expression at both the PAI-1 mRNA and the antigen levels. The inhibitory efficiency was higher in the case of CNP when compared to that produced by ANP and BNP, particularly when TNFα-stimulated cells were used. We observed an inhibition of stimulatory effect of TNFα on PAI-1 expression also at the level of the PAI-1 promoter in cells transfected with a PAI-1 promoter fragment (+71 to -800) [1], The PAI-1 promoter activity was markedly inhibited by C-type natriuretic peptide, already at a very low (0.001 µM) concentration of the peptide.
In this report, we describe proteomic analysis of corpora amylacea collected by postmortem laser microdissection from multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions. Using low level protein loads (about 30 µg), a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and database interrogations we identified 24 proteins of suspected neuronal origin. In addition to major cytoskeletal proteins like actin, tubulin, and vimentin, we identified a variety of proteins implicated specifically in cellular motility and plasticity (F-actin capping protein), regulation of apoptosis and senescence (tumor rejection antigen-1, heat shock proteins, valosin-containing protein, and ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1), and enzymatic pathways (glyceraldehyde-3-dehydrogenase, protein disulfide isomerase, protein disulfide isomerase related protein 5, lactate dehydrogenase). Samples taken from regions in the vicinity of corpora amylacea showed only traces of cellular proteins suggesting that these bodies may represent remnants of neuronal aggregates with highly polymerized cytoskeletal material. Our data provide evidence supporting the concept that biogenesis of corpora amylacea involves degeneration and aggregation of cells of neuronal origin.
Dimethoxytritylphosphono-oligonucleotide conjugates have been prepared. They are totally resistant to nucleases present in human serum and do not affect cleavage of a complementary oligoribonucleotide by RNase H. Conjugates possessing a phosphate backbone gave better antisense inhibition of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 within endothelial cells as compared with unconjugated oligonucleotides.
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