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Noninvasive current stimulation is a rapidly developing tool for rehabilitation of visual impairment. The therapeutic use of current stimulation requires solving many technical problems including optimal placement of stimulating electrodes (SE). In this study we asked the question about origin of electrically evoked potential (EEP) and it’s dependence on the placement of the SE. In acute experiments on rats under urethane anaesthesia, visually (VEP) and electrically evoked potentials were recorded using single- and multi-channel electrodes from 5 visual structures: retina (1 channel), lateral geniculate nucleus (8 channels), superior colliculus (7 channels) and visual cortex of both hemispheres (16 channels each). Recordings of EEPs were performed to electrical pulse current stimulation, delivered using two electrodes placed either on one eye-ball (eye-eye montage) or on the eye-ball and neck (eyeneck montage). To reveal the origin of EEPs in both electrode montages 5 µl of tetrotodoxine (TTX 0.5 mM), was injected into the eye to block retinal ganglion cells’ activity and EEPs were recorded for both SE configurations. Lack of VEPs confirmed the successful block of ganglion cells’ activity. We have observed full decay of EEPs after TTX injection independent on the SE configurations. These results indicate on the retinal origin of EEPs regardless of the reference electrode placement. Supported by ERA-NET Neuron project REVIS.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recording of local field potentials and spiking activity offers comprehensive insight into the functioning of neuronal populations. However, spikes are not easy to record in behaving rats implanted with chronic electrodes since glial wound isolates electrode’s tip from spiking neurons. It is thus essential to advance the electrode to recover spike recordings. This requires portable micro-manipulators that can be mounted on a head of experimental animal. Our aim is to develop a microdrive system for independent, precise positioning of up to 8 electrodes (tetrodes, optogenetical fibres), which will be semiautomatically controlled from the computer with a single step of ~12 µm. METHODS: Chronic micro-manipulators which can be purchased or hand-made consist of small screws with movable plastic elements. Their minimal step is limited by the screw thread (e.g. with M1,4 screw ¼ of a turn advances the electrode by ~90 µm) and a precision and repeatability highly depends on a quality of an assembly. Therefore, our prototype micro-drive system was created with a mechanism based on stepper micro-motor with halfstep controller to improve the overall performance of such system. RESULTS: The accuracy of the prototype was tested in experiments during which multiwire electrode was advanced in a boiled egg white, and in rat brain. LabView environment was used for remote control of electrode position and acquisition of control data. Prototype met initial requirements, showing small positioning errors (0.58–1.63 µm depending on stepper mode and a thickness of penetrated material) and ~12 µm repeatability. CONCLUSIONS: Further tests will include recording of electrophysiological signals from the brain of anaesthetized rat. Development of final version of the device will include its miniaturization to obtain total mass of less than 20 g, so that the device will be small enough to be mounted on a rat’s head. Supported by National Science Centre grant DEC-2013/08/W/ NZ4/00691.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Medial sector of posterior complex (PoM) of the thalamus receives two driving somatosensory inputs – from the periphery and from the cortical layer 5b and their functional significance was proposed to depend on arousal level. In anesthetized rats sensory evoked potentials in PoM revealed only late latency, cortex-dependent responses while in wakefulness they contained also fast latency components. In aroused animals this early activity is effectively transmitted to the sensory cortex. The current experiments were set up to record activity of single PoM neurons from conscious rats in order to confirm the field recording data and characterize the role of PoM in fast transmission of somatosensory information. METHODS: Rats were habituated to head fixation and body restrain, then implanted with chronic electrodes located in primary and higher order cortical somatosensory and motor areas. For extracellular recordings from PoM, microelectrodes were implanted on movable microdrives or the cranial window was opened for semichronic recording with silicon probe multichannel electrodes. Continuous signal containing field potentials and unitary activity was recorded for offline analysis. Single and multi-unit activity was extracted with template matching and clustering methods by Spike 2 software. The average evoked potentials and peristimulus time histograms were calculated to analyze the responses to whisker stimulations. RESULTS: Our preliminary results indicate that in awake rats PoM neurons respond to whisker stimulation with short-latency (5–6 ms) discharges followed by later, more dispersed activity CONCLUSIONS: Short-latency action potentials generated by PoM cells after vibrissae stimulation suggest that this nucleus participate in fast detection of tactile stimuli. Further research should elaborate the role of early response of this mixed-order somatosensory thalamic nucleus in more detail. Supported by National Science Centre grant DEC-2013/08/W/ NZ4/00691.
Beta band (15–25 Hz) activity increases within thalamo-cortical pathways in non-sleeping animals and in attentive states. In order to investigate this activity, we recorded LFP and EPs elicited by whisker stimulations in the barrel cortex and somatosensory thalamus of non-anesthetized rats. In a fraction of trials (up to 40%), whisker stimulations evoked phase-locked beta (~20 Hz) oscillations in a form of 300–400 ms bursts of characteristic trapezoid shape clearly distinguished in cortical signals, but hardly discernible in the thalamic recordings. Our data confirm that strong, natural sensory stimuli evoke high amplitude beta oscillations in the rat barrel cortex. As simultaneously recorded beta activity in thalamus is weak, it can hardly be considered as an important generator of these oscillatory events. Research supported by the polish National Science Centre grant N N401 533040
Ventral sector of zona incerta (ZIv) was postulated to provide a significant GABA-ergic input to the higher-order thalamic nuclei. The aim of this study was to characterize, at the population level, the electrical activity evoked by a whisker stimulation in ZIv. In anesthetized rats microelectrodes were positioned into several locations encompassing ZI. EPs were recorded in response to deflection of mystacial vibrissae. The strongest response occurred in the posteriomedial part of ZIv with EPs starting at 3 ms post-stimulus with a large phasic negative wave followed by two low-amplitude slow positive and negative waves. The known connectivity of ZI suggest that short latency negative waves result from glutamatergic input from the spinal trigeminal nuclei, whereas longer-latency negative waves could originate from the cortical projections. Positive waves might reflect the activation of inhibitory input from anterior pretectal nucleus. Supported by the polish National Science Centre grant N N401 533040.
Growing amounts of data indicate relationships be‑ tween resting state EEG and the cognitive functions of healthy subjects or symptoms of neurological disor‑ ders/dysfunctions in clinical investigations. To inves‑ tigate these correlations we designed an experiment in which participants were grouped on the basis of their resting state EEG spectral power and tested for differ‑ ences in event related potentials and behavioural per‑ formance during repeated tasks addressing attention processes. 33 healthy adults were tested twice (TEST and RETEST, two months apart) with top-down and bot‑ tom-up visual attention tasks. EEG was recorded during tasks and preceding resting state sessions. Analyses in‑ cluded: correlation between reaction times (RTs) and resting state EEG powers in theta, alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 bands, and two-way ANOVA analysis of the RTs and amplitudes of contingent negative variation (CNV) in TEST and RETEST of the two subgroups defined by highest and lowest resting state amplitudes. Only the beta 2 band power correlated with RTs measured in top-down and bottom-up attention tasks. Subjects with the lowest beta 2 resting state amplitudes were char‑ acterized by shortening of RTs and increasing ampli‑ tudes of the CNV wave in RETEST as compared to TEST. These findings posit a link between individual resting state brain activity in the beta 2 range and susceptibil‑ ity to long-term changes in the functional processing of visual stimuli. Supported by the National Centre for Research and Development grant POIR-01.01.01-00178/15 and Polish National Science Centre grant UMO2016/20/W/NZ4/003554.
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