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Under natural conditions, Syringa vulgaris blooms in May but it may be forced to produce blooming panicles in autumn, winter and early spring. To break winter dormancy, plants require high temperatures, the range of which depends on the forcing date. Forcing in November requires exposure to temperatures of ~37C. Such an exposure may affect the development of both male and female flower organs. In this work we have followed the anatomical changes in the ovule development in buds collected from plants forced in autumn, and compared them to those in plants blooming under natural conditions in May. From the earliest identifiable stages, in flowers forced in November the ovule development was delayedrelative to the normal development pattern. Ultimately, most of the ovules (83%) degenerated before the differentiation of the embryo sacs was completed. We believe that it is the high temperatures required during autumn forcing that affect the development of female gametophytes, leading to the formation of defective structures which often degenerate. This in turn may reduce the esthetic appeal of the inflorescences and reduce their commercial value.
Bedding plants are an important part of the urban public space and private gardens. However, they are not always properly watered and suffer from drought stress, especially when grown in containers. In this trial a response to water stress of two commonly used species, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook) and geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L. H. Bailey) were compared. The former is highly herbaceous and prone to wilting whereas the latter has hairy leaves and is better adapted to drought. Plants were grown at three levels of soil water content (SWC): 80% (control), 60% (mild stress) and 30% (severe stress). Drought was maintained during three 10 day cycles, separated by 10 day periods of normal watering. In both species roots were significantly longer in plants grown at 30% SWC as compared to 80% SWC while plant height and flower number were reduced by drought only in impatiens. The initial relative water content (RWC) was lower in geranium and decreased less in response to drought than in impatiens. Ammonium content in leaves of both species increased significantly under stress but the ranges of increase were different in both species. There was a significant increase in the free amino acids content in leaves of impatiens as compared to geranium but this rise was more time than drought dependent. The reduction in the a + b chlorophyll concentration in leaves of impatiens was significantly time and stress dependent while no reaction in geranium was observed. The above results show that changes in leaf RWC merit further attention as a possible indicator of plant response to drought stress in ornamental plants but additional studies are needed before this or other parameters can be used to evaluate new bedding plants for introduction into urban growing conditions, or as selection criteria in breeding for adaptation to demanding growing conditions.
Correlation between ABA content in “mother” tissue and subsequent regeneration ability of Fritillaria imperialis cultured in vitro was investigated. In every experiment regeneration was always most efficient from plant material containing the lowest amount of free ABA: a leafy stem part, bulbs used for micropropagation in October and those stored two months at 30 °C prior to in vitro culture. However, no direct correlation between the absolute amounts of ABA and percentage of regeneration was found.
Proteolysis and free amino acid accumulation occur during leaf senescence. As senescence is under control of plant hormones leaves of Zantedeschia aethiopica Spr. and Zantedeschia elliottiana Engl., two species grown for the florists’ green, were pulse treated 24 hours with solutions of benzyladenine or gibberellic acid (0.1 mmol·dm⁻³ and 0.25 mmol·dm⁻³, respectively) in order to delay senescence and to prolong their vase life. GA₃ but not BA retarded proteolysis in both species. A standard preservative solution used to prolong the longevity of cut (8-HQC + 2% S; 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate + 2% sucrose) accelerated proteolysis in the Z. aethiopica leaves but had no effect on leaves of Z. elliottiana. Soluble protein losses were accompanied by elevated levels of free amino acids, however, range of these increases did not correspond to decreases in protein contents. A massive accumulation of free amino acids occurred in the sugar-fed leaves of both species. Growth regulators somewhat limited free amino acid accumulation in leaves held in the preservative, BA being more effective in Z. elliottiana while GA₃ in Z. aethiopica.
Cut leaves of Zantedeschia aethiopica and Z. elliottiana are widely used as the florists’green. Over the years we studied the parameters related to postharvest quality of leaves in the two above species. Here the effect of plant hormones known to delay leaf senescence (benzyladenine and gibberellic acid) and of the standard preservative solution (8-HQC + 2% sucrose) on the reducing sugars contents is presented. BA (0.1 mmol·dm⁻³) and GA3 (0.25 mmol·dm⁻³) were applied as 24 h pulse treatments. Pulsed and unpulsed leaves were kept either in water or in the preservative. In both species contents of reducing sugars during their senescence in vases initially rose and then dropped to 60–80% of the initial levels. Pretreatment with BA did not counteract a decrease in reducing sugar contents while in the GA₃-treated leaves sugar loss was prevented in Z. aethiopica and a 20% increase occurred in Z. elliottiana. Placing leaves in the sugar containing solution provoked a dramatic loss of reducing sugars in Z. aethiopica (to 12% of the initial level) while in Z. elliottiana this loss was less pronounced (52% of the initial value). Cytokinin did not mitigate the negative effect of the preservative on reducing sugar losses while GA₃ was more effective in this respect. Results of analyses do not support hypothesis that sugar depletion might be a cause of senescence of detached leaves in the two Zantedeschia species.
Chlorophyll degradation occurring during leaf senescence in under control of plant hormones. Changes in the chlorophyll content and the effects of BA (benzyladenine) and GA₃ (gibberellic acid) on this process were analyzed during senescence of cut leaves of Zantedeschia aethiopica Spr. and Zantedeschia elliottiana Engl., two species grown for the florists’ green. Both growth regulators were applied as 24 h pulse treatment: 0.25 mmol·dm⁻³ and 0.1 mmol·dm⁻³ for GA₃ and BA, respectively. Gibberellic acid was more effective than benzyladenine in delaying senescence of both Zantedeschia species leaves by retarding chlorophyll loss. A standard preservative solution used to prolong longevity of cut flowers (8-HQC /citrate of hydroxyquinoline/ +2% S /sucrose/) radically accelerated chlorophyll loss of Z. aethiopica leaves but had no effect on pigment degradation in leaves of Z. elliottiana. However, in both species the preservative diminished the positive effect of GA₃ treatment on final chlorophyll content.
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