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Teutonic Knights had emerged in Chełmno Land in 1226 and immediately subdivided it in some internal administrative units. This also concerned the Rogozno Commandity. It is possible that these territorial and administrative changes were caused by environmental factors. The research on this problem begun with gathering of historical and present-day maps completelly covering territory analysed (circa 280 km²): Schrotter's Map 1798-1803, present-day maps: of soil quality, topographic ones and maps of archaeological revelations. The first step of analysis was to reconstruct the elements of historical landscape for every commandity. Recent and mediaeval landscapes were compared with-each other to trace the differences in earial extent of forests and swamps as well as hydrological setting elements that could be detected. Further, there was estimated the corn production for this territory, by the use of present-day soil quality maps. A soil quality factor was multiplied by an average of corn produciton in mediaeval time and by the areas of commandities, to know how much corn was possible to get from every commandity. Also the approximate number of citizens in this commandity was assesed. The Population density of this territory equaled 12 persons per 1 km², that is about 30% more than in adjacents commandities. This may indicate that in this area the potential of agricultural production was raised in comparison to other administrative units. In those units enviromental conditions allowed to gain 25% of crops more than the inhabitants needed, so initial thesis of historians that changes were caused by insufficient environmental conditions, was not reasonable. the situation was Probably different – those states were self-sufficient, fertile and rich enough to be an object of rivalry.
The article presents the reconstruction of dynamics and development of a landslide in Wiąg. The study area is located in lower Vistula valley, near Świecie. Research conducted since 2007 shows that the landslide in Wiąg had developed in stages. Aerial photography from the last 50 years have been used in order to define the dynamics of the landscape. The first phase of development was a shallow landslide in the eastern part. In 1979, during one of the biggest floods in XXth century the most important episode took place. A landslide with the area of 22000m² arose. In next few years the landslide hasn't shown any significant activity. In 2010, during the flood, it revived. There has been conducted an analysis of geological structure and water levels, that enabled to define the main factors causing the rise of the landslide. One of the most important factors is the loss stability of the slope caused by increased pore pressure during the rapid decrease of flood wave.
The aim of our research was to determine the contest effectiveness of Japanese judo competitors and to state the quantitative an qualitative indices of the tactical-technical preparation (PTT). The values of these indices may be used for controlling the process of special preparation.Medal classification of the national teams from all Olympic Games and World Championships, and contest effectiveness of the national teams during 2007-2010 were determined. The analysis of PTT indices of 16 Japanese competitors was carried out. They fought 78 contests during the World Championships 2010. Predominant techniques were described. The selected indices have been assessed.Japanese competitors prevailed over their opponents in the men's group during the Olympic Games and the World Championships. After changing sport rules in judo, they overcame their poor performance within 2007-2009, and they have become leaders in world's judo. Japanese competitors are highly effective in leg throws, especially in such throws as: uchimata, osoto gari, and kouchi gari as well as seoi nage (although this throw is a hand technique). They executed throws forwards and mainly by means of pivot. Japanese competitors had a positive value of activity indices and high indices of defense.Sport results achieved by Japanese judo competitors prove their high contest performance and the dominating position in judo competitions. Among their dominating techniques, we can see leg techniques performed by pivoting and breaking balance forwards on toes. They are also effective in executing grappling techniques such as holdings (immobilizations) for example. During the World Championships in 2010 Japanese competitors were characterized by a positive value of activity indices and high indices of defence.
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