Wyniki wyszukiwania

1

The suprascapular notch: its morphology and distance from the glenoid cavity in a Kenyan population

100%

Natsis K., Totlis T.

Folia Morphologica

|

2011

|

tom 70

|

nr 3

2

A rare cadaveric finding of ectopic origin of a bronchial artery: surgical and imaging consequences

81%

Natsis K., Asouhidou I., Vizas V., Didagelos M.

Folia Morphologica

|

2013

|

tom 72

|

nr 1

Bronchial arteries arise normally directly from the descending thoracic aorta, at the level between the fourth and sixth thoracic vertebrae. However, the anatomical variations are very frequent regarding the origin and the number of branches. We present a rare cadaveric finding of an ectopic right bronchial artery originating from the right subclavian artery through a common stem with the right internal mammary artery, and we discuss the clinical significance of this finding. A 72-year-old formalin-embalmed male cadaver was dissected during a routine anatomical course. The right bronchial artery originated from the right subclavian artery with a common stem with the right internal mammary artery. Although ectopic origin of the right bronchial artery from the right internal mammary artery is rare, recognition of this anatomical variation is important in bronchial embolisation due to haemoptysis, in coronary bypass grafting, and in lung transplantation. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 1: 78–81)

3

Anatomic variability in the relation between the retromandibular vein and the facial nerve: a case report, literature review and classification

81%

Piagkou M., Tzika M., Paraskevas G., Natsis K.

Folia Morphologica

|

2013

|

tom 72

|

nr 4

Knowledge of anatomic variations concerning head and neck veins is important to surgeons performing interventions in these regions, as well as to radiologists. The retromandibular vein is used as a guide to expose the facial nerve branches inside the parotid gland, during parotid surgery and open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. It is also used as a landmark for localisation of the nerve and compartmentalisation of parotid gland lesions preoperatively, during computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and sonography. In this paper, the anomalous retromandibular vein’s course on the left side of a male cadaver is described. The vein was formed around the nerve, while the maxillary vein travelled medial to the facial nerve branches and superficial to the superficial temporal vein. Interestingly, the facial nerve temporofacial division crossed again the superficial temporal vein upwards, forming a “nerve fork”. The incidence of the reported variability of the relationship between the retromandibular vein and the facial nerve are discussed with a detailed literature review. Accordingly, the typical deep position of the retromandibular vein in relation to the facial nerve is estimated to 88.17% to all sides. Furthermore, an updated classification system is proposed, including 4 types and subtypes. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 4: 371–375)

4

A prefix brachial plexus with two trunks and one anterior cord

81%

Natsis K., Piagkou M., Totlis T., Kapetanakis S.

Folia Morphologica

|

2020

|

tom 79

|

nr 2

The brachial plexus presents a great variability in formation, division and branching pattern. Its variants are of immense importance during axillary and arm surgery and nerve blockade. The current case highlights a unilateral atypical formation of brachial plexus, the so called prefix, in which the C4 root contributed a large branch to the superior trunk and further anastomosis with the inferior trunk. Thus, the prefix or high brachial plexus consisted of a superior and inferior trunk and one anterior cord. Coexisting neural and arterial variations are also discussed in relation to the data literature. (Folia Morphol 2020; 79, 2: 402–406)

5

A coexisting anatomical variation of median and ulnar nerves in a cadaver palm

81%

Natsis K., Karanassos M. T., Papathanasiou E., Noussios G.

Folia Morphologica

|

2012

|

tom 71

|

nr 4

During a routine dissection we observed an anatomical variation of the median nerve and an atypical anastomosis in the palm region of a male cadaver. There were four distinct recurrent motor branches of the left median nerve, and the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve communicated directly with the third common palmar digital nerve. The presence of such an anatomical variant in the hand should keep surgeons alert in the management of hand pathology especially in carpal tunnel syndrome, which is a routine operation for many medical centres. (Folia Morphol 2012; 71, 4: 269–274)

6

Co - existence of os acromiale with suprascapular osseous bridge: a case report and review of the literature

71%

Paraskevas G., Raikos A., Lazos L., Economou Z., Natsis K.

Folia Morphologica

|

2009

|

tom 68

|

nr 2

We report on a very rare case of co-existence of os acromiale with suprascapular osseous bridge in a dry scapula. The frequency of os acromiale alone ranges from 1.3 to 15%, while the frequency of suprascapular osseous bridge varies between 0.036% and 12.5%. We review the relative literature and emphasize the fact that such knowledge is important for a physician in order to avoid misdiagnosis of an acromion fracture and lytic lesion of the scapula. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 2: 109–112)

7

Bilateral double testicular arteries: a case report and review of the literature. Potential embryological and surgical considerations

71%

Paraskevas G. K., Natsis K., Nitsa Z., Papaziogas B., Kitsoulis P.

Folia Morphologica

|

2014

|

tom 73

|

nr 3

The aberrancies concerning the number, origin and course of the testicular arteries are found in an incidence of approximately 4.7–20% in the literature and are documented less frequently than the respective variations of the homonymous veins. In the current study, a very rare complex of testicular arteries’ variations is described, in which the occurrence of bilateral double testicular arteries is recorded. Particularly, apart from the normal testicular arteries on each side, we observed an additional right testicular artery originated from the ipsilateral renal artery and an additional left testicular artery taking its origin from the abdominal aorta just above the renal artery’s origin site; the latter additional testicular artery arched above the left renal vein. Both, the bilateral double testicular arteries accompanied the testicular vein on each side as their satellite arteries. We discuss the potential embryological development of that complex of arterial variants, their likely clinical and surgical applications, as well as we proceed on a brief review of the relevant literature. (Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 3: 383–388)

8

An atypical biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscles associated with multiple neurovascular aberrations: a case report with clinical significance

71%

Piagkou M., Totlis T., Anastasopoulos N., Lazaridis N., Natsis K.

Folia Morphologica

|

2019

|

tom 78

|

nr 2

Neural and vascular variations in the axilla and upper limb area are usually paired, but coexistence of muscular aberration on top of this is uncommon. The current case report emphasizes on the unilateral coexistence of a three-headed (tricipital) biceps brachii muscle, a two-headed coracobrachialis with an accessory muscle bundle joining the superficial and deep heads of coracobrachialis muscle. On the ipsilateral side of the 72-year-old male cadaver, a connecting branch originated from the musculocutaneous nerve and joined the median nerve after surpassing the accessory muscle bundle. A large diameter subscapular trunk originated from the 2nd part of the axillary artery and after giving off the 1st lateral thoracic artery trifurcated into a common stem which gave off the 2nd and 3rd lateral thoracic arteries, the circumflex scapular artery and a common branch that gave off the 4th and 5th lateral thoracic arteries and the thoracodorsal artery, as the ultimate branch. All lateral thoracic arteries were accompanied by multiple intercostobrachial nerves. Documentation of such muscular and neurovascular variants and their embryologic origin increases awareness of their potential impact on diagnosis and treatment of upper limb pathology. To the best of our knowledge, the currently reported cadaveric observations seem to constitute a unique finding. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 2: 444–449)

9

Anastomotic loop between common hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery in coexistence with an aberrant right hepatic artery

71%

Natsis K., Piagkou M., Stamatopoulos T., Spyridakis I., Apostolidis S.

Folia Morphologica

|

2017

|

tom 76

|

nr 4

Anatomical variations of the hepatic arteries are not uncommon. The anomalous hepatic arterial supply is of paramount importance in hepatobiliary, pancreatic or liver transplantation and in laparoscopic surgery. We describe an unusual case of a 66-year-old Greek male cadaver, where a rare anastomosis (in the form of an enlarged arterial loop, 4.84 mm in diameter) between the common hepatic artery (6.42 mm) and the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) (4.82 mm) coexisted with an aberrant right hepatic artery (ARHA) (6.38 mm) originating from the superior mesenteric artery. The proper hepatic artery was absent. The ARHA followed a route posterior to the portal vein and the common hepatic duct, entering the liver and supplying the right hepatic segment. A hypoplastic right gastric artery emanated from the GDA. Our case report highlights the combined variations of hepatic arteries and possible anastomoses emphasizing that a thorough knowledge of the classic and variable hepatic arterial anatomy are mandatory for surgeons and radiologists performing hepatic surgery and arteriography to avoid potential iatrogenic injuries in hepatobiliary and pancreas area and further medico-legal implications. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 4: 752–756)

10

Retro-oesophageal right subclavian artery in association with thyroid ima artery: a case report, clinical impact and review of the literature

71%

Natsis K., Lazaridis N., Gkiouliava A., Didagelos M., Piagkou M.

Folia Morphologica

|

2016

|

tom 75

|

nr 1

A 37-year-old female Caucasian cadaver with an aberrant right subclavian artery extending from the left side of the aortic arch and following a retro-oesophageal course is presented. A non-recurrent right laryngeal nerve and a thyroid ima artery arising from the lower part of the middle third of the right common carotid artery coexisted. The brachiocephalic trunk was absent, while both common carotid arteries and left subclavian artery followed their normal course. The aim of the current study is to highlight the clinical impact of the above abnormalities providing useful and practically applicable knowledge to interventional clinicians, thoracic and neck surgeons, since the vast majority of documented cases with an arteria lusoria are clinically silent and in most cases discovered incidentally. Clinical manifestations such as dysphagia, chronic cough, and acute ischaemia to the right upper limb may occur, leading to misinterpretation in radiographic examination and complications during neck and thoracic surgery. Review of the literature was also performed and the embryological background of the aberration is highlighted. (Folia Morphol 2016; 74, 1: 130–135)

11

High origin of a superficial ulnar artery arising from the axillary artery: anatomy, embryology, clinical significance and a review of the literature

71%

Natsis K., Papadopoulou A. L., Paraskevas G., Totlis T., Tsikaras P.

Folia Morphologica

|

2006

|

tom 65

|

nr 4

400-405

The superficial ulnar artery (SUA) is an ulnar artery of high origin that lies superficially in the forearm. Its reported frequency ranges from 0.17% to 2%. During anatomical dissection in our department we observed a unilateral case of SUA in a 75-year-old white male human cadaver. It originated from the right axillary artery at the level of the junction of the two median nerve roots and followed a looping course, crossing over the lateral root of the median nerve and running lateral to it in the upper and middle thirds of the arm, whereas in the inferior third of the arm the SUA crossed over the median nerve and ran medially to it. In the cubital fossa, it passed superficially over the medial side of the ulnar aponeurosis and coursed subcutaneously in the ulnar side of the forearm superficially to the forearm flexor muscles. In the hand the SUA anastomosed with the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery, creating the superficial palmar arch. Additionally, it participated in the development of the deep palmar arch. The axillary artery, after the origin of the SUA, continued as the brachial artery and divided into the radial and common interosseous arteries in the cubital fossa. The normal ulnar artery was absent. No muscular or other arterial variations were observed in this cadaver. The embryological interpretation of this variation is difficult and it may arise as a result of modifications to the normal pattern of capillary vessel maintenance and regression. The existence of a SUA is undoubtedly of interest to the clinician as well as to the anatomist. This report presents a case of unilateral SUA along with a review of the literature, embryological explanation and analysis of its clinical significance.

12

Transtendinous course of the infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve. A contribution to the aetiology of entrapment neuropathy and modification of the existing classification

61%

Natsis K., Konstantinidis G., Geropoulos G., Totlis T., Lazaridis N., Tegos T.

Folia Morphologica

|

2016

|

tom 75

|

nr 4

Background: The course of the infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve (IPBSN) in relation to the Sartorius muscle has been classified into presartorial, transsartorial and retrosartorial types. Mechanical compression of the IPBSN within the Sartorius tendon has been surgically recognised as a cause of entrapment neuropathy. Purpose of the present study was to differentiate the IPBSNs penetrating the Sartorius tendon from those penetrating the Sartorius muscle, from an anatomical and clinical point of views and thus modifying the existing classification. Materials and methods: The IPBSN was bilaterally dissected in 27 cadavers. The cases of the IPBSNs penetrating the Sartorius tendon were recorded separately from those penetrating the Sartorius muscle belly. Results: In 11 out of 54 limbs (20.4%) the IPBSN ran through the Sartorius muscle belly. In 3 out of 54 (5.6%) limbs, the IPBSN penetrated the Sartorius tendon. Conclusions: The penetrating type of IPBSN includes two distinct subtypes: the muscle-penetrating type and the tendon-penetrating type. These subtypes are also distinct from a clinical point of view, since only the tendon-penetrating type has been associated with the IPBSN entrapment neuropathy. According to these findings we suggest a modification of the current classification. Further clinical studies are necessary to fully demonstrate whether the tendon-penetrating type should be considered as a predisposing factor for the IPBSN entrapment neuropathy. Distinguishing the two subtypes might be helpful for that purpose. (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 4: 481–485)

13

A bicarotid trunk in association with an aberrant right subclavian artery. Report of two cases, clinical impact, and review of the literature

61%

Natsis K., Didagelos M., Manoli S. M., Papathanasiu E., Sofidis G., Anastasopoulos N.

Folia Morphologica

|

2011

|

tom 70

|

nr 2

A combination of an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) and a bicarotid trunk (BCT) appears in up to 2.5% of the population. The aim of this study is to report the higher total and male incidence of this variation in the literature and to summarise its clinical impact, providing useful knowledge to anatomists, radiologists, cardiologists, and vascular and thoracic surgeons in order to avoid diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic complications. A total of 72 (43 female and 29 male) Greek Caucasian formalin-embalmed cadavers were studied. The international literature was reviewed along with the dissection archives of the Department of Anatomy from 1986 to 2009. Two male cadavers were found to have an ARSA combined with a BCT (incidence: total 2.78%, males 6.9%, females 0%). Both aortic arches consisted of three branches: (1) the BCT, (2) the left subclavian artery, and (3) the ARSA. The common carotids followed a normal route to the neck; the ARSA passed between the trachea and the oesophagus in the first case and behind the oesophagus in the second case, and was accompanied by a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve. In the second cadaver the ARSA formed a sharp angle (kinking/buckling) on its route to the right arm. The ARSA is associated with several congenital cardiovascular anomalies and some chromosomal and other syndromes. It is occasionaly responsible for causing dysphagia, dyspnoea, or acute ischaemia to the right upper limb, and it may present as a superior mediastinal mass in cases of aneurysm formation. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 2: 68–73)

14

Abnormal location of the papilla of Vater: a cadaveric study

61%

Paraskevas G., Papaziogas B., Natsis K., Katsinelos P., Gigis P., Atmatzidis K.

Folia Morphologica

|

2005

|

tom 64

|

nr 1

51-53

We report a case of a male cadaver aged 72 years with an ectopic location of the papilla of Vater. The ectopic papilla was situated at the supero-posterior border of the 3rd portion of the duodenum at a distance of 0.9 cm from the limit of the 2nd and 3rd portions of the duodenum. The frequency of this anomaly fluctuates between 0 and 11.83% and when the papilla is located distal to its usual position the usual location is in the proximal 2 cm of the 3rd part of the duodenum. We refer to the possible difference in the papilla’s location between patients and cadavers and call attention to the differential diagnosis with spontaneous or surgical fistulae.

15

Foramen magnum, occipital condyles and hypoglossal canals morphometry: anatomical study with clinical implications

61%

Lyrtzis C., Piagkou M., Gkioka A., Anastasopoulos N., Apostolidis S., Natsis K.

Folia Morphologica

|

2017

|

tom 76

|

nr 3

Background: Current study examines morphometric alterations of the foramen magnum (FM), occipital condyles (OCs) and hypoglossal canals (HCs) and highlights all the morphometric parameters of the FM area that present side asymmetry, gender dimorphism and are affected by the ageing. Materials and methods: One hundred and forty-one (73 male and 68 female) Greek adult dry skulls were examined. Results: Short and long OCs were detected in 27.7% and 26.2%. A combination of short OCs and long HCs was presented in 27.5%. A complete septum was found in 23.6% of the HCs and osseous spurs in 12.9%. Side asymmetry was detected regarding the HCs length (p = 0.046), the maximum extracranial (p = 0.001) and minimum intracranial (p = 0.001) diameters. Mean FM anteroposterior and transverse diameters, FM perimeter and FM surface area were significantly larger in male than in female skulls (p = 0.001 for each parameter). Similarly, the OCs length (right, p = 0.004 and left, p = 0.024) and width (right, p = 0.008 and left, p = 0.006) the left distance HC-OC posterior border (p = 0.048), the anterior (p = 0.011) and posterior (p = 0.001) intercondylar distances and the HCs right length (p = 0.046) were significantly greater in males. A significant decrease was observed with ageing in FM anteroposterior diameter (p = 0.038), FM surface area (p = 0.05), anterior intercondylar distance (p = 0.014) and HC-OC posterior border (p = 0.013). Conclusions: The study confirmed that only specific HC dimensions showed side asymmetry (HCs maximum extracranial and minimum intracranial diameters and HCs length), gender dimorphism (HCs right length and left distance HC-OC posterior border) and age influence (HC-OC posterior border and HC left extracranial minimum diameter) among young, adults and elderly individuals. FM and OCs dimensions presented gender dimorphism and the age influenced only FM anteroposterior diameter and surface area and the anterior intercondylar distance. The safe zone of OCs drilling in Greeks, calculated by the distance HC-OC posterior border represents the maximum HC depth and is among the lowest values reported in the literature. The significant decrease of this distance with ageing confirms the existence of a drilling safe zone for young, adults and elder individuals. Regarding OCs length, the same probability exists dealing with a short or a long OC during condylectomy. Before planning a transcondylar approach, the coexistence of short OCs and long HCs should be taken into account. These outcomes will be useful for a safe surgery in the craniocervical region in Greeks. (Folia Morphol. 2017; 76, 3: 446–457)

16

Anatomical variants of the emissary veins: unilateral aplasia of both the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein and development of the petrosquamosal sinus. A rare case report

61%

Kiritsi O., Noussios G., Tsitas K., Chouridis P., Lappas D., Natsis K.

Folia Morphologica

|

2011

|

tom 70

|

nr 4

We report a case of hypoplasia of the right transverse sinus and aplasia of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein. In addition, development of the petrosquamosal sinus and the presence of a large middle meningeal sinus and sinus communicans were observed. A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to chronic headache. On the MRI scan a solitary meningioma was observed. Finally MR 2D venography revealed this extremely rare variant. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 4: 305–308)

17

Accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla. Cadaveric, surgical and radiological incidence and clinical significance during breast and axillary surgery

61%

Douvetzemis S., Natsis K., Piagkou M., Kostares M., Demesticha T., Troupis T.

Folia Morphologica

|

2019

|

tom 78

|

nr 3

Background: The present study aims to summarise the accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla that can be encountered during breast and axillary surgery and record their incidence and clinical significance. Moreover, the laterality of the atypical muscles is highlighted and possible gender dimorphism is referred. Accessory anterior thoracic wall muscles include: Langer’s axillary arch, sternalis muscle, chondrocoracoideus, chondroepitrochlearis, chondrofascialis, pectoralis minimus, pectoralis quartus and pectoralis intermedius. Materials and methods: The anatomical, surgical and radiological literature has been reviewed and an anatomical study on 48 Greek adult cadavers was performed. Results: Literature review revealed the existence of accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla that have a significant incidence that can be considered high and may, therefore, have clinical significance. For the most common of these muscles, which are axillary arch (Langer’s) and sternalis muscle, the cadaveric incidence is 10.30% and 7.67%, respectively. In the current cadaveric study, accessory thoracic wall muscles were identified in two cadavers; namely a bilateral sternalis muscle (incidence 2.08%) extending both to the anterior and posterior surface of the sternum and a left-sided chondrocoracoideus muscle (of Wood) (incidence 2.08%). Conclusions: Despite the fact that accessory anterior thoracic wall and axillary muscles are considered to be rare, it is evident that the incidence of at least some of them is high enough to encounter them in clinical practice. Thus, clinicians’ awareness of these anatomical structures is advisable. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 3: 606–616)

18

Foramina of the anterior mandible in dentate and edentulous mandibles

61%

Natsis K., Ropousi E., Asouhidou I., Siskos C., Ioannidi A., Piagkou M.

Folia Morphologica

|

2016

|

tom 75

|

nr 2

The study provides a morphometric analysis of the foramina located at the anterior mandible according to dental status. The inner surface from the midline to the distal border of the second premolars of 70 dentate and 27 edentulous Greek adult dry mandibles was investigated. The lingual foramina were divided into medial and lateral foramina. Foramina located at the alveolar process and the midline were subdivided according to their location to genial tubercles. Moreover, the height of the mandible in the genial symphysis and the distances from the foramina to the alveolar crest and the lower border of the mandible were measured. Medial and lateral lingual foramina were presented in 97.9% and 78.4% of the mandibles, respectively. The alveolar medial and lateral lingual foramina were detected in 19.6% and 27.3%, respectively. The mean height of the genial symphysis was 32.06 ± ± 4.88 mm for the dentate and 23.87± 5.37 mm for the edentulous mandibles. The meticulous knowledge of the topography of the lingual foramina and their content is of paramount importance for dentists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons during dental implants placement. Middle and lateral lingual foramina are constant structures, while the alveolar foramina presented only in dentate mandibles. The foramina location is directly affected by dental status. The morphology of edentulous mandibles increases the risk of intraoperative complications at the anterior mandible. (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 2: 204–210)

19

A rare case of bilateral supernumerary heads of sternocleidomastoid muscle and its clinical impact

61%

Natsis K., Asouchidou I., Vasileiou M., Papathanasiou E., Noussios G., Paraskevas G.

Folia Morphologica

|

2009

|

tom 68

|

nr 1

The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) functions as a landmark for physicians such as anatomists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and anaesthesiologists, who intervene in the minor supraclavicular fossa located at the base of the neck. The variability of SCM anatomy may cause complications while trying to access the vital elements that are located in the minor supraclavicular fossa. This study aims to present a case of supernumerary heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and to discuss its clinical significance. The cervical region of an elderly male cadaver was dissected and the findings were recorded and photographed. On both sides, the SCM muscle had an additional sternal head, and simultaneously there were three additional clavicular heads, four in total. These additional heads, the sternal and the clavicular, reduced the interval between them causing significant stenosis of the minor supraclavicular fossa. Sternocleidomastoid muscle variations with regard to the number of its heads are very rare in the literature, but this variation may cause severe complications. The minor supraclavicular fossa is important for anaesthesiologists because of the anterior central venous catheterization approach. Physicians should be aware of this anatomical variation in order to prevent complications. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 1: 52–54)

20

An unusual case of asymmetrical combined variations of the subclavian and axillary artery with clinical significance

61%

Panagouli E., Natsis K., Piagkou M., Kostare G., Tsoucalas G., Venieratos D.

Folia Morphologica

|

2019

|

tom 78

|

nr 4

In a Greek Caucasian male cadaver, a combination of the following arterial variations were observed: an aberrant right subclavian artery originating as a last branch of the aortic arch and coursed posterior to the oesophagus, a right non-recurrent laryngeal nerve, an atypical origin of the left suprascapular artery from the axillary artery, an unusual emersion of the lateral thoracic artery from the subscapular artery and a separate origin of the left thoracodorsal artery from the axillary artery. According to the available literature the corresponding incidences of the referred variants are: 0.7% for the aberrant right subclavian artery, 1.6–3.8% for the origin of the suprascapular artery from the axillary artery, 3% for the origin of the left thoracodorsal artery from the axillary artery and 30% for the origin of the lateral thoracic artery from the subscapular artery. Such unusual coexistence of arterial variations may developmentally be explained and has important clinical significance. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 4: 883–887)

Ograniczanie wyników

The suprascapular notch: its morphology and distance from the glenoid cavity in a Kenyan population

A rare cadaveric finding of ectopic origin of a bronchial artery: surgical and imaging consequences

Anatomic variability in the relation between the retromandibular vein and the facial nerve: a case report, literature review and classification

A prefix brachial plexus with two trunks and one anterior cord

A coexisting anatomical variation of median and ulnar nerves in a cadaver palm

Co - existence of os acromiale with suprascapular osseous bridge: a case report and review of the literature

Bilateral double testicular arteries: a case report and review of the literature. Potential embryological and surgical considerations

An atypical biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscles associated with multiple neurovascular aberrations: a case report with clinical significance

Anastomotic loop between common hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery in coexistence with an aberrant right hepatic artery

Retro-oesophageal right subclavian artery in association with thyroid ima artery: a case report, clinical impact and review of the literature

High origin of a superficial ulnar artery arising from the axillary artery: anatomy, embryology, clinical significance and a review of the literature

Transtendinous course of the infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve. A contribution to the aetiology of entrapment neuropathy and modification of the existing classification

A bicarotid trunk in association with an aberrant right subclavian artery. Report of two cases, clinical impact, and review of the literature

Abnormal location of the papilla of Vater: a cadaveric study

Foramen magnum, occipital condyles and hypoglossal canals morphometry: anatomical study with clinical implications

Anatomical variants of the emissary veins: unilateral aplasia of both the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein and development of the petrosquamosal sinus. A rare case report

Accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla. Cadaveric, surgical and radiological incidence and clinical significance during breast and axillary surgery

Foramina of the anterior mandible in dentate and edentulous mandibles

A rare case of bilateral supernumerary heads of sternocleidomastoid muscle and its clinical impact

An unusual case of asymmetrical combined variations of the subclavian and axillary artery with clinical significance