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Two discoveries reported in the mid 1970s in hybridoma technology and genetic engineering techniques - have enabled overcoming the difficulties related to the generation of pharmaceuticals from their natural resources, such as blood or human tissues, and in 1982 led to the introduction of the first product of the modern biotechnology, a recombinant insulin, opening the biopharmaceutical era. Among the registered biopharmaceuticals in the 1980s and the early 1990s the majority of the products were identical to the natural forms of the proteins and their amino acid sequences. Currently, the rapid growth of the contribution of the second generation biopharmaceuticals with genetically introduced modifications is observed. All of the biopharmaceuticals registered on the market until 2005 were generated with the application of E. coli bacteria, yeast, or animal cell lines (CHO, BHK). With the possible registration on the market of the recombinant antithrombin, in 2006 the first therapeutic protein produced in milk of the transgenic goats will appear as a new alternative, cheaper and more effective system enabling the production of complex proteins. The biopharmaceuticals can be generated in blood, milk, urine, semen, egg white of the transgenic animals, and the silk glands of silkworms. At present, several dozens of the protein products which are produced in milk of almost all species of farm animals and in the egg white of the hens are subjected to studies at the clinical phase.
Proteoglycans can be found in the extracellular matrix of most tissues. They play the role of receptors, take part in cellular adhesion and also interactions between cells. Proteoglycans consist of proteins with one or more covalently bonded glycosaminoglycans. There are seven different types of glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, heparin and sulphates of chondroitin, keratan I and II, heparin and dermatan. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate appear in synovial fluid where they take part in binding water, preventing mechanical stress and increasing elasticity. Keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate are used as potential markers of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. Cartilage is a protein substance that serves as a cushion between the bones of the joints. Dermatan sulphate is responsible for the individual resistance to inflammation and pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms of interactions between glycosaminoglycans and pathogens will help to develop more effective vaccinations. The perfect functioning of glycosaminoglycans depends on the efficient activity of both synthesising and degrading enzymes. Even small dysfunctions cause major diseases and disorders.
Streptococcus mutans is involved in the initiation and progression of dental caries. Fragments of a gtfB gene from Streptococcus mutans encoding Glu and Cat peptides of approximately 35 and 45 kDa, respectively, were cloned from this organism and sequenced. Recombinant Glu and Cat peptides were overexpressed in Escherichia coli with C-terminal sequence containing additional six histidine residues and enterokinase recognition site. The recombinant peptides were purified from E. coli by metal affinity chromatography. These proteins will be used to prepare efficient vaccine against dental caries.
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