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One of the methods limiting the damages done by Armillaria species is to decrease the number of dead wood stumps attacked by it, particularly it refers to deciduous tree stumps.The objective of the presented paper was an attempt to estimate the possibility to select some saprotrophic fungi species whose ability of decaying oak wood is higher and faster than that of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and Armillaria gallica Marxm & Romagn, and which could be utilized in a biological protection method preventing Armillaria root-wood attack. All analyzed wood samples were colonized by tested mycelia. Among the fungi which could be utilized in a biological method of protection against root mould caused by Armillaria, the fungus Tramestes versicolor has shown to be the best suited for this purpose. Four different isolates were tested, which have confirmed their efficiency in decaying oak heartwood. Therefore, this fungus could be used for the elaboration of a biopreparation protecting effectively against Armillaria root rot.
Armillaria root rot is one of the most important diseases in Polish forests. Study assesses if mycelium mixed with soil and metabolites of antagonistic Trichoderma reduce the occurrence of Armillaria. No influence of Trichoderma on the growth of Armillaria ostoyae rhyzomorphs and mycelium was found.
The aim of this work was 1) to investigate the genetic diversity of H. annosum s. str. populations, 2) to recognize genets ability of their aggressiveness to Scots pine. The genetic similarity among genets varied from 0% to 74%. Totally different genets were found in 17.9% of cases. The lowest similarity occurred among 20.7% of genets and it was calculated on 18%. Six months after inoculations of Scots pine stems by H. annosum s. str. the distance of wood colonization by mycelium was measured. Wood was colonized to a distance varying from 0.52 cm to 2.06 cm. The most aggressive genets were isolated from stumps, and the less aggressive from trees' stems. The infections in stands caused by H. annosum s. str. basidiospores and appearance of a new pathogen's organisms, which might distinguish by high aggressiveness, could increase a damages in these stands. There is still a need to use a biological control against root rot disease to reduce spreading of a new generations of pathogens.
The objective of the study was to assess the mortality risk of David’s deer associated with climatic conditions by the use of hazard function within clustered populations and according to place of birth. Additionally, the inbreeding level was examined within each cluster. Records were considered of 1192 individuals born in 56 zoological gardens in the years 1947-2000. Censored data (animals which were alive on December 31, 2000) were also included in the analysis. Average lifetime and percentage of dead individuals per zoo were used to determine two-dimensional Euclidean distances.The hazard rates were estimated within derived clusters of zoological gardens. The analysis was performed within sex groups for the following two data sets: all individuals (1), and animals dead In the first year of life (2). In the case of the latter, only three clusters were included. In general, the sizes of clusters appeared different (from two to eighteen zoos). From a geographical perspective these groups are heterogeneous. Generally, the shapes of hazard curves are similar with a clear increasing trend. The differences between groups reflect mainly an inconsistence of time points. The first peak of mortality appears at an early stage of life. The results clearly show the differences in mortality between males and females in all groups (for both sets − 1 and 2). Geographical region showed no significant effect on the survival of David’s deer. It is concluded that life span is determined more by the inbreeding level and zoo management conditions than by the climatic zone.
Survival and hazard functions supply suitable information concerning changes in the population dynamics, especially in the case of species that are not subjected to artificial selection. One of such species is David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866) that underwent a dramatic reduction in the population size in the first years of the XX century, but has been subsequently restored from 18 individuals.Population dynamics changes were studied on 1221 David’s deers kept in zoological gardens in the years 1947-2001. Survival and hazard functions were constructed for all individuals according to sex, and separately for those which died in the first year of life, i.e. 14.5% males and 8% females.The hazard function showed similar values for individuals of both sexes in the year 6, 10, 15, 17 and 18 of life. For all males the medians for mortality (hazard function) appeared similar to those for all females. Similar pattern was shown for yearlings. However, between day 40 and 323 shapes of these functions were quite different. Generally, the life span in females was found longer than in males.
Background. Constant improvement of animal feed formulas calls for new raw materials. In the feeding of fish, one of diet recipe optimization methods is to search for feed protein sources alternative to fish meal. The presently reported study focuses on an unconventional protein source—the erythrocyte meal—for feeding fry of common carp. Materials and Methods. The barothermal method (extrusion) was applied for the formulation of experimental feeds prepared as isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets. In the feeds tested, the erythrocyte meal was used as fish meal substitutes at different substitution levels (control diet C = 0%, E5 diet = 5%, E10 diet = 10%, and E15 diet = 15%). The feeds were evaluated on the basis of their physical and chemical characteristics. The feeding trial was carried out on the fry of carp (3.8 ± 0.1 g). The experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in an indoor fish tank facility in twelve 60-L flow-through aquaria. Each aquarium was stocked with 14 fish. In the final evaluation of the feeding tests, the following rearing effectiveness indices were used: food conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and survival rate (SR). The data obtained were statistically processed using Statistica computer software. Results. At the end of the experiment, the fish body weight from treatment C was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the weights of treatments E5 and E15. Significant body weight differences occurred also between treatments E5 and E15. Values of specific growth rate (SGR) depended on the type of applied feed. The minimal value (1.86% • d-1) was reached in treatment E15, while the maximal value (3.34% • d-1) was recorded in treatment C. The most favourable FCR and PER values were recorded for C feed and they differed significantly from the values obtained with other experimental feeds. The application of experimental feeds to carp resulted in an increase in dry matter content in all treatments, and total protein and fat in the fish bodies from groups C and E5. However, there was no change in body ash content at feeding trial. Conclusion. Experimental results showed that the erythrocyte meal addition at 5%, 10%, and 15% rate as replacement for 15% of fish meal did not improve the rearing parameters of common carp fry.
Fungi play an important role, as by decomposing dead organic matter they contribute to the carbon cycle in nature. Apart from this beneficial effect, fungi in forest ecosystems cause diseases of deciduous trees. Stumps, being remnants of stems left after felled trees, provide nutrient resources for various organisms, including fungi causing the most dangerous diseases of forest trees such as Armillaria root rot or Heterobasidion root rot. Colonisation of stumps is determined by three major factors, i.e. microhabitat, availability of nutrients and occurrence of other competing organisms. The primary aim of this study was to prepare an inventory of fruiting bodies of fungal species found on stumps in selected subcompartments of the Zielonka Experimental Forest Division, to present fungal species diversity in the analysed area and to identify factors determining the occurrence of fungi in the investigated area as well as those determining the intensity of stump colonisation by fungi. Results indicate that fruiting bodies were found less frequently on pine stumps than on stumps of deciduous species. The most abundant fungal species in terms of population size observed on stems in the analysed areas were Trametes versicolor (191 localities), Schizophyllum commune (136 localities) and Stereum hirsutum (130 localities). A vast majority of species reported in the analysed areas have a positive effect on the forest ecosystem.
The swine RYR1 (ryanodine receptor 1) gene is a major gene for meatiness, but its effect on the fatness and location of fat deposition is less known. A known mutation in this gene is responsible for a drastic deterioration of meat quality. We provide evidence that the mutation (c.1843T) alters FAT distribution between back fat and abdominal fat, which are of different value in meat processing.The study included 486 gilts representing the Polish Landrace, PL (n=242) and synthetic line L990 (n=244). All gilts were classified into 3 clusters according to their predisposition to fat distribution between visceral and subcutaneous tissues. We found a relationship between this classification and RYR1. The mutation c.1843C>T changed the distribution of body fat between these tissues in PL and L990 (P=0.0384), and in L990 separately (P=0.0277). No evidence for such an effect was observed when PL was analyzed separately. Compared to the CC homozygotes the T allele was associated with a lower abdominal fat deposition and heterozygous gilts tended to allocate adipose tissue in back fat;however, the effect on fat distribution was independent of general fatness of a pig.
The presence of sacral furniture in social life in Poland is a universal phenomenon, exerting influence on the development of material and spiritual culture. The paper attempts at identifying the most important ergonomic and socio-economic factors determining the functionality of wooden pews used in Poznań, the capital of the oldest Polish diocese of the Roman Catholic Church. Hence, statistical relations were sought between the structural features of pews and their age, and then, using comparative and descriptive analysis, factors describing their functionality were selected. The research was carried out in an interdisciplinary, international research team, combining the experience of forestry sciences in the field of wood sciences, as well as medical and economic sciences. In conclusion, economic and technological recommendations were formulated that could indicate the optimal directions for the development of a specific market for sacral furniture in Poland, whose dominant part is the production of pews.
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