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In this review the characteristics of agriculturally important fungal toxins: aflatoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin, fumonisin and patulin are listed. The role of such field pests as European corn borer, thrips, fruit fly, aphids, agromyzids and others in the spreading of the fungi is discussed. The importance of acarid mites and insects attacking stored foods and feedstuffs is also characterized. These pests are frequently attracted by the fungi present in the products.
Forms of reaction to environmental conditions in insects and mites, and the onset, maintenance and termination of diapause are described. The influence of diapause on the population level of plant pests are given.
This review contains the characteristics of groups and species of mites used or recommended in the control of plant pest and of weeds. For the control of stored product pests pyemotids, cheyletids and Hypoaspis are discussed. Phytoseiids and Hemisarcoptes malus are described as agents of biological control of pest of orchards, parks and greenhouses. Eriophyoid mites as the most promising group for the control of weeds are also characterized.
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Stan i perspektywy walki biologicznej z chwastami

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This review presents: 1) advantageous characteristics of phytophagous organisms recommended for biological weed control, 2) advantageous characteristics of weed plants selected for biological control, 3) criteria and methods of selection of herbivorus organisms for introduction, 4) mycoherbicides, 5) examples of effective actions, 6) current directions of studies and trial introductions, 7) conclusions. It accentuates that the biological method is more difficult than other methods but often profitable and effective. Most effective are phytophagous organisms attacking generative weed organs, especially those causing the formation of galls. Good results were obtained both in biological control of water and land weeds, particularly in the USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia nad New Zealand.
Genetic engineering is instrumental in two methods of pests control on cultivated plants: plant resistance and biological one. In both cases the aim is to improve the methods. Transgenic plants of enhanced resistance contain introduced genes of Bacillus thuringiensis responsible for the production of delta-endotoxin or genes encoding certain enzymes, enzyme inhihitors, toxins or insceticides. Such transgenic bean, cotton, tobacco, maize and other plants are cultivated in some countries. Also genetically improved baculovirus, bacteria, some parasites and predators were obtained. The improvement may deal with various traits like resistance to pesticides, tolerance to temperature, virulence, fecundity, non-diapausing strains etc. Transgenic bacteria decomposing pesticide residues in the environment may be also expected in the future.
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