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Diagnostyka chłoniaków z użyciem 67Ga jest powszechnie przyjętym postępowaniem, jednakże ze względu na długi efektywny okres rozpadu tego izotopu konieczne jest ustalenie optymalnego czasu badania. W pracy poddano ocenie 70 zmian widocznych w badaniach całego ciała (whole body) oraz 74 w badaniach określonego odcinka (hot spots). Badanie polegało na ocenie jakościowej i ilościowej zmian chorobowych. W badaniu stwierdzono, że najlepsze obrazy - zarówno w badaniu całego ciała, jak i określonego odcinka ciała - otrzymywano w badaniach po 7 dobach, a najgorsze po 10. Badanie scyntygraficzne z zastosowaniem 67Ga należy przeprowadzać w 7 dobie po podaniu znacznika.
Several recent studies have shown sex-related differences in the neural organization of memory processes. However, as the majority of investigations involved explicit memory tasks, little is known about potential differences between men and women in the organization of implicit memory processes. Our study addressed this issue. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the patterns of brain activity in men and women performing the weather prediction probabilistic classifi cation task which is a tool for assessing implicit learning. In this task, subjects learn to predict the weather using associations that are formed gradually across many trials, because of the probabilistic nature of the cueoutcome relationships. Although both men and women exhibited similar level of behavioral performance, between-sex group analysis of the BOLD response demonstrated greater activity in men than in women in dorsolateral prefrontal (BA 9, 46), parietal (BA 7, 40), and occipital (18, 19) cortices. In contrast, women activated insular (BA 13), temporal (BA 21, 22) and ventrolateral prefrontal (BA 44) cortices. Differences between men and women in the patterns of brain activity might refl ect distinct strategies used in the weather prediction probabilistic classifi cation task. Our results indicate that neural activity underlying implicit memory differs between sexes, despite of lack of differences in behavioral effi - ciency.
Previous imaging studies have identified many brain regions activated during reasoning, but there are differences among the findings concerning specific regions engaged in reasoning and the contribution of language areas. Also, little is known about the relation between task complexity and neural activation during reasoning. The present fMRI study investigated brain activity during complex four-term transitive reasoning with abstract material (determinate or partially indeterminate) and compared the resulting images to those obtained during a memorization task. The memory condition required subjects to memorize unrelated elements whereas the reasoning conditions required them to integrate information from premises and to infer relations between elements. After contrasting the two kinds of reasoning conditions with the memory condition we found that right prefrontal and bilateral parietal regions are specifically activated during reasoning. We also demonstrated that different reasoning requirements - the possibility of constructing one (determined reasoning) versus several (undetermined reasoning) models of a situation during task solving - lead to different patterns of brain activity, with higher prefrontal (PFC) activity accompanying undetermined reasoning. We interpret the PFC activity as a reflection of simultaneous maintenance and manipulation of information in reasoning. These findings provide new evidence that specific forms of reasoning (abstract and undetermined) demand recruitment of right PFC and hemispheric coordination and lend new support to the mental model theory of relational reasoning.
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit impairments in executive function and working memory. As opposed to motor symptoms of the disease the physiological origins of cognitive defi cits are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to delineate mechanisms of cognitive impairment in PD using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-two patient and 10 matched control subjects accomplished Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) – standard clinical measure of executive function and then underwent fMRI during performance of the N-Back working memory task.The correlation analysis comparing BOLD signal intensity changes with number of categories achieved in WCST revealed a signifi cant positive correlation within supramarginal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, middle and inferior frontal gyrus and caudate nucleus. Signifi cant negative correlations with executive impairment were observed within fusiform and parahippocampal gyrus, as well as enthorhinal and perirhinal cortex. These results suggest that cognitive impairment in PD may origin in consequence of distorted interaction between episodic and working memory systems.
Several functional neuroimaging studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested that changes in the fronto-parietal-striatal networks are associated with deficits in executive functioning. However, executive functions (EF) are multifaceted and include three dissociable components: working memory, response inhibition, and task-switching. This study investigated which component of executive functioning is most strongly associated with fronto-parietal-striatal efficiency in PD. PD patients (with and without executive dysfunction), and age-matched healthy subjects, completed a battery of cognitive tests previously shown to discriminate among the three EF components. Principal component analysis conducted on the selected cognitive test variables yielded three expected EF components. The component scores were used in regression analysis to assess the relationship between the EF efficiency and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal related to performing the n-back, an experimental task that draws upon multiple components of executive functioning: working memory, response inhibition, and task-switching. We found distinct neural correlates of specific executive dysfunctions in patients with PD. However, all of them seem to be associated with fronto-parietal-striatal efficiency.
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