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Keratinolytic abilities of Bacillus polymyxa B20 and B. cereus B5esz were evaluated in liquid cultures in mineral media containing chicken feathers. Both tested strains were capable of effective liquefying and biodegradation of feather keratin, up to 56.5 – 72.1% in ten-day cultures, releasing considerable amounts of hydrolysis products. Tested bacteria were mesophilic species, producing highest activity of keratinases and proteases in the presence of keratin (1%) as a sole nutrient source or keratin supplemented with yeast extract, at 30℃. Keratinases of B. polymyxa were predominantly highly alkaline serine proteases, with optimum activity at 50℃, while B. cereus produced mainly a mixture of neutral proteases, optimally active at 45℃. Keratinolytic potential of tested bacterial strains could find a variety of applications, including utilization of keratinous waste from poultry industry and obtaining keratin hydrolysate-based soil fertilizers.
The increasing generation of keratinic wastes by the poultry industry stimulated research on novel, costeffective methods of keratin protein management respecting current environmental regulations. Enzymatic treatment of feather waste with microbial keratinases appears to be one of the most promising methods to obtain valuable products. Nevertheless, the action of keratinolytic proteases requires the support of disulfide bond-reducing agents to reveal their full potential. The presented study was aimed at evaluating effects of moderate thermo-chemical feather pretreatment, preceding hydrolysis with two crude microbial keratinases from Bacillus cereus B5esz and B. subtilis P22. Keratinases of both tested strains exhibited capability for degradation of native feathers, but substrate pretreatment resulted in significant improvement of the process. Application of 10 mM sulfite in the pretreatment remained to be the most appropriate option, leading to 160% or 95% activity enhancement of keratinases from B. cereus and B. subtilis, respectively. Pretreatment with 10 mM NaOH also gave a satisfactory effect. Pepsin digestibility was mostly influenced either by 1 mM sulfite pretreatment or by sole autoclaving. Crude keratinase from B. cereus, a potent keratinase producer, expressed only four times lower specific activity against raw feathers in comparison to purified commercial proteinase K, and the action of both enzyme preparations was influenced by sulfite pretreatment of the substrate. Additionally, the concentrated culture broth of B. cereus B5esz proved to be highly applicable in degradation of raw feathers, especially in the presence of sulfite or sulfite-pretreated feathers.
W hodowli bakterii Bacillus cereus B5e/sz na podłożu syntetycznym z dodatkiem piór kurzych biodegradacji ulegały keratyny zaliczane do białek włókienkowych. Ich hydroliza zachodziła przy udziale wydzielanych do środowiska keratynolitycznych proteaz. Enzymy te upłynniały natywną keratynę w postaci nierozpuszczalnej, a także modyfikowaną chemicznie oraz w znacznie większym stopniu keratynę rozpuszczalną. Bakteryjne keratynazy stanowiły mieszaninę względnie termostabilnych, obojętnych metaloproteaz o aktywności keratynolitycznej 10,9 JK i proteolitycznej 90,5 JP. Metodą in silico wykazano, że w sekwencji aminokwasowej keratyny piór kurzych zawarte są krótkie, bioaktywne peptydy z przewagą inhibitora ACE. Hydrolizat keratyny może być źródłem uzyskiwania peptydów o potencjalnym wykorzystaniu w żywności
Keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus polymyxa B20 and B. cereus B5esz during cultures in medium with chicken feathers as a sole nutrient source, accumulated various amounts of sulfur compounds at different oxidation level, including thiols, thiosulfate, sulfite and sulfate. The main difference observed between the two tested strains was higher release of sulfate by the former and elevated concentration of thiols by the latter. Additionally, the activity of glutathione reductase, that could potentially play a role in keratinolysis was confirmed, mainly in the cell homogenate fraction, rather than extracellular. Keratinases in crude culture fluids exhibited activity towards soluble keratin preparation, as well as native feather keratin. Application of 2-mercaptoethanol and sulfite, agents that potentially could take part in keratin sulfitolysis, led to a conclusion that they could play a role in keratin degradation, other than activation of extracellular enzymes.
Growth kinetics of four Trichoderma strains was tested on lignocellulosic by-products in solid state fermentation (SSF). The strains were also analyzed for their survival rate and growth after lyophilization on these carriers. All applied monocomponent and bicomponent media were substrates for the production and preservation of Trichoderma biomass.However, the maximum number of colony forming units (CFU/g dm) was acquired on bicomponent media based on dried grass and beet pulp or grass with corn cobs, when compared to monocomponent media. Although the process of lyophilization reduced the survival rate by 50–60%, the actual number of viable cells in obtained biopreparations remained relatively high (0.58 × 10⁸ – 1.68 × 10⁸ CFU/g dm). The studied strains in the preserved biopreparations were characterized by a high growth rate, as evaluated in microcultures using the Bioscreen C system.
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