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The development of the suspensor in Sedum acre L. and S. hispanicum L. was investigated using cytochemical methods and light microscopy. After the first division of the zygote, two cells of unequal size are formed: the large basal cell and the smaller apical one. The basal cell grows enormously and produces haustorial branches invading ovular tissues. The mature differentiated suspensor consists of a large basal cell and 3-4 chalazal cells. Proteins, insoluble polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids are localized in the suspensor during different phases of embryo growth. Cytochemical tests showed the presence of high amounts of macromolecules in the suspensor cells, especially during the globular and torpedo-shaped stages of embryo development. The present data indicate that in Sedum the suspensor is involved mainly in absorption and transport of metabolites from the ovular tissues to the developing embryo proper.
Cytological processes of differentiation in the embryo suspensor of Sedum acre L. were compared with the development of the embryo proper. The zygote undergoes an asymmetric division to produce an apical cell and a basal cell, which becomes the basal cell of the suspensor. The mature differentiated suspensor consists of a large haustorial basal cell and 3-4 chalazal cells. The basal cell nucleus gradually grows to a considerable size, and the amount of nuclear DNA also increases. The highest degree of ploidy (1024C) was observed in basal cells in large >100-celled embryos. Chromocenters at low (8C-16C) and middle (32C-64C) levels of ploidy, and endochromocenters at higher (128C-256C) and the highest (512C-1024C) levels of ploidy were observed. Changes in DNA content, nucleus size and chromatin structure point to endoreduplication as the mechanism of polyploidization of the suspensor in Sedum acre.
In this study we test three hypotheses. (1) Secretory hairs in the arms and the distal part of the neck of the carnivorous plant Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae) have a different principal function than the digestive hairs in the digestive chamber, that is, prey attraction. (2) Only bacteria and other organisms inside the trap and on the external trap surface lure prey. (3) Substances produced by the plant have a minor influence on prey attraction; more important is trap shape and morphology, because protozoa and microfauna may move to the small interspaces (traps or capillaries) by accidental, nonspecific wandering. We studied the structure of secretory hairs (glands) in the arms and the distal and proximal parts of the trap neck using light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. We tested the hypotheses with several experiments using sterile Genlisea traps as well as glass tubes acting as a Genlisea trap model, and various organisms as prey (Blepharisma sp., Paramecium bursaria, Euglena sp.). Hairs in the arms and the distal part of the Genlisea trap neck represent polysaccharide-protein-secreting hairs. Prey still moved to cleaned traps without chemical attractants. In the proximal part of the neck the secretory hairs have the same ultrastructure as digestive hairs in the digestive chamber of Genlisea. Sterile traps do not need commensals for catching prey. The results of the behavioral experiments reported here support the hypothesis that prey can move to the traps or capillaries by accidental, nonspecific wandering to small objects filled with water. Thus, the complex structure of the Genlisea trap with long arms may help catch prey simply by providing a large surface with many small openings which mimic the interspaces between soil particles, and the plant does not need special mediators for prey attraction.
Anacamptis pyramidalis shows great phenotypic variability. Additional lateral sepal spurs were observed in f. fumeauxiana. We used light and scanning electron microscopy to examine the anatomy of the lip spur and additional lateral sepal spur(s). The spurs have the same anatomical structure. We describe the features of the inner and external epidermis, report the presence of an appendix at the base of the additional spur, and discuss the evolutionary context.
We examined the development of the endosperm chalazal haustorium of Rhinanthus serotinus, using histochemical assays and light and electron microscopy. The chalazal haustorium is a huge single cell containing two enlarged nuclei. The nuclei are located in the middle of the haustorium cell. At the chalazal end of the haustorium cell structure, ultrastructural study revealed the presence of a transfer wall forming wall ingrowths. At all examined stages of haustorium cell development we identified insoluble polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipid droplets. Macromolecules were especially abundant in the fully differentiated haustorium cell. Our results suggest that the endosperm chalazal haustorium is a site of intense metabolic activity.
Karyological processes of differentiation of the suspensor of Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. were compared with the development of the embryo proper. The zygote divides into the smaller apical cell and the bigger basal cell, which becomes the basal cell of the suspensor. The mature suspensor consists of a huge basal cell and a few chalazal cells. The nuclear DNA content of the suspensor basal cell attains a high degree of ploidy, up to 128C. Nuclei with the highest ploidy level of 128C were found only in fully differentiated basal cells of more than 20-celled embryos. During polyploidization, the volume of the nuclei increased, and changes in the chromatin structure of polyploid nuclei were noted. With increasing levels of ploidy, polytene chromosomes were observed in the suspensor nucleus. Changes in DNA content, nucleus size and chromatin structure point to endoreduplication as the mechanism of polyploidization of the suspensor in Gagea lutea.
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