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Syrian flora is very well known of its diversity and richness. It contains a large number of medicinal and aromatic species. There are many different hawthorn Crataegus: sinaica, aronia, monogyna and azorolus available in Syria which is mainly located in the western and southern part of the country. Most of these Syrian species are used in folk and in traditional medical care. They are taken in the form of herbal tea to contradict cough, flu and cold. There is no any scientific information available on the antioxidant properties of Syrian hawthorn medicinal plant. Therefore, the assessment of such properties remains an interesting and useful task, particularly for finding a new natural source of antioxidants available in Syria. Therefore, the integral antioxidants, IA of Syrian hawthorn fruits and flowers in five different sites as ascorbic acid equivalents have been carried out using photochemiluminescence, PCL assay of measurements for the first time. By means of a PCL assay, it was possible to assess the integral antioxidant (IA ) using this accurate and simple method, the highest antioxidant capacity values of hawthorn as ascorbic acid equivalents were found in the fruits of Bi’r Al-ajam and Al-Haffa sites which have values of 1444.82 and 483.44 (nmol/g), for C. monogyna and C. aronia cataegus, respectively. The highest fractions of antioxidant components are mainly due to the existence of catechin and flavonoids in both Syrian hawthorn fruit and flowers. Other chemical constituents like elemicin, sorbistat, polygalitol and homocatechol are found in Syrian hawthorn fruit and flowers. The measured values are considered to be the highest among countries of the region.
This study explores the determinants of food expenditures in northern Ghana’s rural households, using a survey data collected in 2010 in the vicinity of Tamale, the capital of the Northern Region. Three estimation methods (OLS, OLS with robust error, and WLS) are used in empirical models to address the possible heteroscedasticity. Models indicate that socio-demographic factors such as income, owning a tractor, age, and household composition are important factors in determining food expenditure. Similarly, farm features such as cultivation of staple or cash crops, the field size of groundnuts, as well as buying dry goods in bulk are also found to be major determinants. Results provide useful information for both private and public sector decision makers, while supplying ample evidence of the importance of estimation method selection to generate most accurate quantified effects of individual explanatory variables on food expenditure.
The present investigation was conducted to appraise the physiochemical adjustments in contrasting maize cultivars, namely, PakAfgoi (tolerant) and EV-5098 (sensitive) subjected to heat shock. Seven-day-old seedlings were exposed to heat shock for different time intervals (1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h) and data for various physiochemical attributes determined to appraise time course changes in maize. After 72 h of heat shock, the plants were grown under normal conditions for 5 d and data for different growth attributes and photosynthetic pigments recorded. Exposure to heat shock reduced growth and photosynthetic pigments in maize cultivars. The plants exposed to heat shock for up to 3 h recovered growth and photosynthetic pigments when stress was relieved. A time course rise in the relative membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde contents was recorded particularly in the EV-5098 indicating that heat shock-induced oxidative stress. Activities of different enzymatic antioxidants greatly altered due to heat shock. For instance, an increase in superoxide dismutase activity was recorded in both maize cultivars. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase was greater in Pak-Afgoi. However, the peroxidase and catalase activities were higher in plants of EV-5098. Heat shock caused a significant rise in the proline and decline in the total free amino acids. Overall, the performance of Pak-Afgoi was better in terms of having lesser oxidative damage and greater cellular levels of proline. The results suggested that oxidative stress indicators (relative membrane permeability, H2O2 and malondialdehyde) and proline can be used as markers for heat shock tolerant plants.
We report the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for determination of soil contamination due to effluents from the leather tanning industry in Kasur district of Punjab in Pakistan. The quantitative analysis was performed by making a calibration curve for Cr using LIBS spectral line at 427.48 nm. Chromium concentration of 839 mg·kg-1 in the vicinity of an effluent drain and 1,829 mg·kg-1 in the area of an old stagnant pool was found. The leaching of Cr due to seepage of industrial effluents from deteriorating bricklined drains in horizontal direction also was observed.
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