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The aim of this work was to determine if the inhibition or stimulation of NO synthesis modulates liver damage induced by chronic lead intoxication. Lead nitrate (3.6 mg/kg, per os) was administered one time a day for 30 days to male Wistar rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia treated simultaneously with L-arginine (600 mg/kg, i.p.) or Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 35 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min. before lead exposure. L-Arginine treatment protected the liver of rats with low resistance to hypoxia partially by reducing lipid hydroperoxides level, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration, and altering the antioxidant defense system depletion induced by lead intoxication. Treatment of lead-exposed highly resistant rats by L-arginine did not reduce the TBARS level, but lowered the lipid hydroperoxides concentration. The increased glutathione antioxidant defense system in liver of L-NNA-treated rats reflects the antioxidant action of L-NNA for this animal group.
To evaluate the effect of formalin disinfection on the oxidative stress biomarkers in the cardiac and hepatic tissue, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) were assigned into test and control groups. The test group was disinfected by formalin in final concentration 200 mL per m3. Fish were bathed for 20 min, three times, every 3 days. Two days after the last bathing fish were sampled. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl derivatives of protein oxidative destruction, as well as antioxidant defense biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity) were determined. The formaldehyde- exposed animals showed decrease of aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the hepatic tissue compared to untreated group. In cardiac tissue, TBARS level, aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins were increased in formalin-exposed trout and down-regulated antioxidant status versus control group. It could be concluded that the disinfection of rainbow trout by formalin not contributed to the hepatic injury and may not be toxic. Toxic effect to cardiac tissue was more considerable.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in the blood of White Stork Ciconia ciconia chicks were analyzed during their development in nests in polluted and control environments. The control, relatively pure, environment was the village of Kłopot, with no industrial plants within a radius of 150 km. Blood samples were also collected in two polluted areas, including the suburban village of Czarnowo, located 20 km from the city of Zielona Góra (southwestern Poland) and an area near the town of Głogów, where a large Copper Manufacture is situated. We measured two markers of oxidative stress (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and stable 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivates of the oxidative modified carbonyl groups levels), as well as antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, ceruloplasmin and total antioxidant capacity levels) in the blood samples. White Stork chicks from different environments are probably significantly susceptible to environmental conditions. In the unpolluted area, chicks showed lower lipid and protein oxidation levels, indicating that the variation in the pollution-induced oxidative stress among areas is dependent of environmental loads. Increased oxidative stress biomarkers can modify antioxidant defenses in chicks from various environments, principally causing increased glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks from polluted regions. Therefore, the use of oxidative stress biomarkers to assess the health and condition of chicks will be useful in future studies aiming to identify miscellaneous environmental loading.
Blood is an important and reliable medium for assessing the health status and performance level of horses. Variations in hematological parameters in horses are associated with several factors such as exercise and training, feeding, age, sex, breed, diurnal and seasonal variation, temperature and the physiological status etc. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of seasonality on hematological indices and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in horses involved in recreational horseback ride before and after exercise. Thirteen healthy adult horses from Pomeranian regions in Poland (aged 9.5±2.4 years) were used. All horses participated in recreational horseback riding. Blood samples were taken once per season for one year – in spring (April) and summer (July). Blood was drawn from jugular veins of the animals in the morning, 90 minutes after feeding, and immediately after exercise. The blood samples were assessed for haematocrit (HCT) value, haemoglobin concentration (HGB), the red blood cells (RBC) amount, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), red cell distribution width (RDW), the platelets (PLT) amount, platelets distribution width (PDW) and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes before and after exercise. Our results confirm that hematological parameters in equines involved in recreational horse riding are subjected to seasonal variations. Significant increase of RBC amount and hemoglobin level after exercise both in spring and summer seasons were observed (p < 0.05). In spring, exercise caused enhancement of the hematocrit level, the mean corpuscular volume and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels (p < 0.05). At the same time, post-exercise MCH were higher in the spring (p < 0.05) compared to summer season. However, pre-exercise MCHC level in the summer was lower (p < 0.05) compared to the spring season. Higher percent of hemolyzed erythrocytes in spring season probably caused by the liberation of red blood cells from spleen and/or the increase of oxygen consumption.
The influence of L-arginine and Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) on lead-induced oxidative stress in kidneys of rats with different resistance to hypoxia was studied. The animals were exposed to lead nitrate (3.6 mg/kg, daily) for 30 d and treated with L- arginine (600 mg/kg) or L-NNA (35 mg/kg) 30 min before each injection of lead nitrate. Lead exposure led to a significant increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in rats with high resistance to hypoxia indicating that lead induced renal oxidative stress. Treatment with L-arginine was effective in decreasing TBARS level for this group of animals. L-arginine was ineffective against lead-induced oxidative stress when given to rats with low resistance to hypoxia. In contrast, administration of L- NNA provided significant prooxidative effect on renal lead-induced oxidative stress in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia. Renal antioxidant defence system remained sensitive to lead-induced oxidative stress and any of the treatments bv L-arginine and L- NNA.
Chloramine-T is a widely used disinfectant for the treatment of gill diseases of fish in freshwater, and more recently attention has turned to its use in seawater. However, despite the wide use of chloramine-T, few studies have examined its toxicity to fish. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the effects of disinfection by Chloramine-T on the muscle tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) using oxidative stress biomarkers (levels of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins) and biochemical enzymes’ activity (alanine- and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) to observe the its toxic effects. The endpoints obtained from this study will be useful to monitor the effects of disinfectant bathing with Chloramine-T for this species of fish. In the disinfectant group, rainbow trout (n = 11) were exposed to Chloramine-T in final concentration of 9 mg per L. Control group of trout (n = 11) was handled with water from basin in the same way as Chloramine-T exposed group. Fish were bathed with Chloramine-T for 20 min and repeated three times every 3 days. Two days after the last bathing fish were sampled to study. Our results showed that Chloramine-T bathing caused the decrease of the lipid peroxidation as well as ALT and AST activity and significant decrease of LDH activity (by 339%, p = 0.017) compared to controls. Chloramine-T markedly affects on lactate and pyruvate metabolism and resulted to decrease of LDH activity. Correlative analysis revealed that the lipid peroxidation level is correlated with ALT and AST activity in the muscle tissue of unhandled control group. In the muscle tissue of trout disinfected by Chloramine-T, LDH activity is correlated positively with ALT and AST activity. Thus, the skeletal muscles of fish play an important role in the processing of lactate through the gluconeogenic and glycogenic pathways including a greater potential for biosynthesis. Our studies indicated that Chloramine-T in dose of 9 mg per L could at least partly attenuate oxidative stress and can be used for prophylactic disinfecting treatment of rainbow trout. Oxidative stress and biochemical alterations could be effectively used as potential biomarkers of Chloramine-T toxicity to the fish in the warning signal for pharmaceutical exposure to aquatic organisms. However, more detailed studies on using of these specific biomarkers to monitor the disinfectant treatment in aquaculture are needed.
Furunculosis induced by motile aeromonads is a problem in farming of salmonids (brown and rainbow trout) and various other fish species in the Europe during last years. Motile aeromonads cause diverse pathological conditions that include acute, chronic and covert infections (Cipriano and Austin 2011). Severity of disease is influenced by a number of interrelated factors, including bacterial virulence, the kind and degree of stress exerted on a population of fish, the physiological condition of the host and the degree of genetic resistance inherent within specific populations (Cipriano and Austin 2011). Numerous studies support the contribution of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of parasite invasion mechanisms, as well as activation of immune system (Paiva and Bozza 2014). However, the validation of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in these settings is still lacking and novel association of these biomarkers and other biomarkers such as antioxidant defenses, is just emerging. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a pathogenic factor and therapeutic target in infective mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to examine the responses of oxidative stress biomarkers in the cardiac tissue of healthy specimens of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) and naturally furunculosis-affected trout in Słupia, the river in basin of the Baltic Sea where trout are spawned (northern Poland, Central Pomeranian region). The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity), as well as oxidative stress biomarkers (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as lipid peroxidation biomarker, aldehydic and ketonic derivatives as protein damage biomarker), and correlation between those in the cardiac tissue of healthy and furunculosis-affected trout were assayed. Furunculosis induces the production of aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of protein oxidation both in males and females. High protein oxidation occurred together with an alteration of the antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress in cardiac tissue occurs more significantly in males of furunculosis-affected sea trout and contributes to the oxidative effect. It is probable that the cardiac cells which survive to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) have increased glutathione-dependent enzymes activity. However, this activation of the antioxidant system may not be sufficient to neutralize all the ROS, which does not allow an efficient cellular adaptation to this furunculosis-induced stress. It also explains the lower total antioxidant capacity described among males and females when compared with healthy trout. These results may be explained by the decrease of superoxide dismutase activity, which may be caused by the furunculosis-induced ROS generation. A better understanding of the bacterium-induced oxidative stress in sea trout is required to find a cures.
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