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Procedure for determination of chromium in biological materials by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method using a' Perkin-Elmer spectrometer equipped with hollow-cathode lamp at 357.9 nm was developed. The samples of animal tissues, food, and feed were digested in muffle furnace at 450°C. The ash was dissolved in 1 N hydrochloric acid and the final solution was diluted in 0.2% nitric acid. Magnesium nitrate (1%) was used as a matrix modifier. The method was validated in terms of basic analytical parameters. The mean recoveries of chromium was 84.4% for muscle, 79.0% for canned meat, and 80.2% for feed, and analytical detection limit was 0.003 µg/g. Certified reference materials were used for analytical quality assurance. The proposed analytical procedure is well adapted for monitoring chromium content in food and feedstuffs. Content of total chromium in the tested samples (animal muscles and liver) was low and was situated in the range of 0.031-0.101 mg/kg (muscles) and 0.047-0.052 mg/kg (liver).
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During storage, grain might be affected by bacterial and fungal infections. Pathogens diminish the grain quality through contamination with excrements and second metabolites. It is very important to prevent grain from infections. Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles can play the role of an effective protector. The influence of nanoparticles on wheat quality was studied. The gluten parameters and falling number did not change after covering the grain with silver nanoparticles stabilized by sodium citrate. Changes in the structure of starch and gluten were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra of the whole meal and starch have shown a slight shift (from 1 000 to 995cm-1) of the band connected with the C–O–H bending. This displacement is probably related to the changes in sample moisture. Significant differences, corresponding to changes in the protein secondary structure, have appeared in the gluten spectra after covering.Adecrease of absorbance in the amide and CH and OHregions has been observed regardless of the covering time.
A total of 85 mussel samples of eight species were examined. Analysis of mercury in the freeze-dried samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry method using direct mercury analyser AMA 254. The analytical procedure for determination of mercury was covered by the quality assurance programme of research and participation in national and international proficiency tests. Concentrations of total mercury in all investigated samples were found to be generally low, in the range of 0.033-0.577 mg/kg of dry weight and of 0.003-0.045 mg/kg of wet weight. The results indicate that obtained levels of mercury in bivalve molluscs are not likely to pose a risk to the health of consumers.
Background. Modern research of health determinants and health-related behavior patterns places a particular emphasis on the assessment of physical activity levels in various social and professional groups. The deficit of physical activity has become a common cause of serious diseases. Following the ecological model of health behavior, physical activity as a biological and cultural phenomenon can be indirectly modified by such interpersonal factors as age, sex, somatic traits and education. Objectives. The aim of the present study was the identification and assessment of habitual physical activity of adult inhabitants from the Katowice Urban Area with regard to selected physical traits and social determinants. Material and methods. The study was carried out in the Katowice Urban Area in May and June, 2012-2014. The research material comprised 2,173 inhabitants, including 1,017 women and 1,156 men, aged 30 to 65 years. The respondents’ habitual physical activity was assessed with the use of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ-SF). The obtained data on the respondents’ physical activity were compared with the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations Results. The results of the study showed that the frequency and duration of high-intensity physical activity and duration of moderate-intensity physical activity were significantly greater in the male inhabitants. The age was also a significant factor affecting the levels of high-intensity physical activity in men. Body build was not a significant determinant of the frequency and duration of physical activity in both men and women from Katowice. The education level only affected the level of physical activity in men. Sex, age, and education of the respondents were statistically significant determinants of their level of fulfilment of the ACSM recommendations. Conclusions. Propagation of physical activity among adults and the elderly, and women in particular, remains a continuing challenge facing health promotion professionals.
Between 2011 and 2013, the concentrations of chromium, nickel, zinc and copper were determined in the muscle of different species of freshwater fish (omnivorous and predatory), in water and in sediments. Samples were collected from 10 areas, including the major rivers and lakes in Poland, affected by different sources of environmental pollution (industrial, municipal, and agricultural). The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry in 397 muscle and liver samples of fish and in 128 samples of sediments and water. The analytical procedures were covered by the quality assurance programme. The present studies showed that the average concentrations of chromium (0.065 mg/kg) and nickel (0.043 mg/kg) in the muscles of fish were low. The concentrations of zinc and copper were higher: 12.64 mg/kg in the muscles and 32.88 mg/kg in the liver for Zn, and, 0.44 mg/kg in the muscles and 10.81 mg/kg in the liver for Cu. The concentrations of the elements under analysis in water were below the limit of quantification methods. The highest concentrations of these elements were found in sediments from the Vistula River at the height of Kraków and Warsaw and from the Odra River at the height of Wrocław. Our studies and results from the available literature indicate that the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu in the tissues of fish do not pose a risk to consumers’ health.
Samples for analysis were collected from 10 areas, including the major Polish rivers and lakes, with different sources of environmental pollution (industrial, municipal, and farming). The materials was taken from the lakes of Mazury, located in anon-industrialised region, from the Brda River, an area impacted by pig farms, from the lakes of Lipczyno Wielkie/Pomerania, from the Wkra River, an area impacted by poultry farms, from the Dunajec River at the Roznowski Reservoir, from the Vistula River at Cracow and Warsaw, from the Odra River at Wroclaw and the Warta River estuary, and also from Rybnik Power Station Reservoir. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were analysed in 397 fish muscle and 128 sediment samples using an atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The analytical procedures were covered by a quality assurance programme. It was demonstrated that the average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in fish were in the low hundredths and thousandths of a mg/kg and never exceeded permitted limits established for food. Higher values of these elements were found in fish from bodies of water located in the zone of influence of large urban agglomerations, especially the Cracow region. High concentrations of lead and cadmium were also found in Vistula River sediments near Cracow, where the maximum values were 134.10 mg/kg and 21.24 mg/kg dry weight for lead and cadmium respectively. The average concentration of mercury in a predatory fish muscle (0.179 mg/kg) was almost twice as high as in the omnivorous fish (0.103 mg/kg). Only a single fish sample exceeded the maximum limit for this metal (0.50 mg/kg) and did not present a risk to consumers' health.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the contamination of animal muscle, liver, and milk with lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. Determination of the elements was carried out using several techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry. Between 2008 and 2012, samples of muscles and liver from 1305 cattle, 2345 pigs, 758 horses (only muscles), 1721 poultry (chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks), and 736 samples of raw milk were collected. Only 48 (0.7%) samples exceeded the maximum acceptable levels of the elements, especially lead and cadmium. In the case of lead, the highest number of samples exceeding the legal limits was Ibund in muscles of pigs (6), where the maximum value reached 0.376 mg/kg. For cadmium, the highest number of samples (22) with values exceeding legal limits was found in muscles of horses. The cadmium content in muscles of horses, at both the mean (0.052 mg/kg) and median (0.023 mg/kg), was in order of magnitude higher than that observed in cattle and pigs. Small percentage of samples with values exceeding the maximum levels of toxic elements in food of animal origin indicates a low risk for the consumers' health.
The aim of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of boar, roe deer and red deer (muscle, liver) tissue with toxic elements in the last 12 years and to determine the causes of risks for game meat consumers. The tissues collected from wild game, including 571 wild boars, 305 roe deer and 420 red deer were examined for lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic content. Determining the content of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic was conducted using several techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedures used in metal determinations were elaborated and validated, and are regularly checked in intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparisons. It was stated that lead constitutes the most serious toxicological problem within the group of analyzed metals. The average concentration of this element over 12 years in the muscles of boar, roe and deer was respectively: 0.280 mg/kg, 0.224 mg/kg and 0.152 mg/kg. The average values for liver reached a much lower level and were as follows: 0.107 mg/kg, 0.111 mg/kg and 0.136 mg/kg. Such a reversal of the relationship between the size of the concentration in the muscles and organs indicates that the source of lead contamination in game animals is primarily a secondary pollution from gunshot wounds rather than an environmental one. The percentage of muscle samples tested in 2001-2012 with values above a tolerable limit of lead was about 10%, and the highest number of samples was found in 2001 and 2002. A significant proportion of samples with high levels of lead pose a particular threat to human health even in low consumption of game animal meat. The observed concentration levels of cadmium, mercury and arsenic in the examined tissues of wild game indicate that they are mainly associated with environmental pollution.
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