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Two different morphogenetic pathways, adventitious bud and corm-like structure (CLS), were observed on organogenic calli derived from the petioles of Amorphophallus albus in vitro. The organogenic calli was established via culture of petiole segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l⁻¹ a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzyladenine (BA) and subculture of the petiole-derived calli on MS medium with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ NAA and 0.5 mg l⁻¹ BA. These organogenic calli were used to induce morphogenesis via culture on MS medium with various concentrations of NAA and BA. BA alone favoured adventitious bud differentiation (57.0 ± 8.3% at maximum) from the organogenic calli but inhibited CLS formation. In the presence of NAA and BA, both adventitious bud and CLS were observed in a same culture system. The maximum CLS formation (71.2 ± 9.3%) were found on MS medium with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ NAA and 2.0 mg l⁻¹ BA, associated with 26.7 ± 8.6% adventitious bud differentiation. A small part of the adventitious buds developed into normal shoots which needed rooting culture phase to form complete plants. About 80% survival rate was obtained with these plants after transplantation to soil. More than 90% of the CLSs produced complete plants with shoots and root systems, regardless of the rooting media tested. Transplantation of the CLS-derived plants to soil gave 100% survival rate. Histological observations revealed both the two morphogenetic events originated from the meristematic cells located in superficial layers of callus tissue.
This study proposes an integrated method that simulates and optimizes groundwater design and management in combination with goal programming, which establishes the equilibrium between technical and environmental constraints in a pump-and-treat system. This method is applied to a petroleum-contaminated site in Western Canada to identify optimal remediation strategies given a set of remediation scenarios. The significant influential factors are remediation duration, standard concentration levels, and total pumping rate. Results indicate that goal programming can greatly enhance the remediation effect under low contaminant concentrations. In the pump-and-treat system, wells I2, E1, and E3 are the dominant components, whereas wells M7 and M5 are sensitive to variations in the identified influential factors. These wells must therefore be monitored intentionally. Moreover, these factors influence one another in interaction. Thus, high total pumping rates do not always generate favorable outcomes, and a long remediation period is unnecessary. In conclusion, the three identified factors should be spontaneously considered in the general goal-programming framework.
A two-stage vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was built to advanced treatment of secondary effluent containing organic and inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from a municipal sewage treatment plant in Beijing, China. The results showed that the VFCW effluent achieved 66-83% and 81-90% removal for COD and TP, respectively. Meanwhile, NH₄⁺-N and TN were almost completely removed during stable operation of the wetland system. The VFCW effluent concentrations of COD, TN, and TP were less than 30 mg·L⁻¹, 1.5 mg·L⁻¹, and 0.3 mg·L⁻¹, respectively, which can meet the environmental quality standards for surface water in China. Because of the special design, the better performance of the VFCW was that it allowed the treatment of wastewater under multiple aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions sequentially in different heights of the CW unit. New media materials, rice husks, and steel slag were the key to the efficient removal of TN and TP. This technology could be adopted to improve the secondary effluent quality.
Bioretention is a typical low-impact development (LID) technology. This work used four different filler combinations of bioretention tank pilot test devices. Experiments on influence factors and intermittent operation were conducted. A continuous-run experiment was also performed to determine the purification ability of bioretention system on heavy metals. Results showed that the removal efficiency of heavy metals by fly ash tank was the most efficient, with a removal rate reaching 85.57%. The removal effect on highinfluent concentrations in filter was better than that in low-influent concentrations. With increased rainfall time intervals (antecedent dry time), heavy-metal removal efficiency improved. Temperature did not affect the removal efficiency of heavy metals on the whole based on the long duration of intermittent operation experiments. Moreover, the effluent heavy-metal concentration presented a descending trend during each simulation rainfall runoff event. During continuous operation test, heavy metals did not reach the exhaustion point in the experimental tanks, while the effluent concentration increased with increased water volume. According to PLS regression analysis, rainfall time interval was the most important factor affecting Zn removal rate, followed by filler characteristics, influent volume, and influent concentration.
The present study was carried out to investigate contamination of heavy metals in 19 fish species from the Banan section of Chongqing in the Three Gorges, yangtze River. The results showed that the mean concentra­tions of heavy metals were higher in intestine than muscle, except zinc in upper strata. In the fish inhabiting the upper strata, there were significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu and H in muscle and intestine (P <0.05). There were also significant differences between mean concentrations of Cr and Cu in muscle and intestine in the fish inhabiting middle strata. however, significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cd, hg, Pb and zn were measured in fish inhabiting bottom strata in both intestine and muscle tissues (P <0.05). For the fish inhabiting different strata, the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, H and Pb in muscle and intestine of the fish from bottom strata (BS) were higher than those in both upper strata (US) and middle strata (MS); whereas a higher concentration of zn was measured in muscle and intestine from fish inhabiting upper strata. Mean metal concentrations were found to be higher in age II than those in age I in Coreius heterodon (2- and 1-year odl fish respectively). The overall results indicated that fish muscle in the Banan section were slightly contaminated by heavy metals, but did not exceed Chinese food standards.
The Oriental genus Macroilleis Miyatake is revised. Three species are recognized, including one new species Macroilleis borneensis sp. nov. (Borneo, Sabah). All species are redescribed and illustrated. A key to the species is given.
Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is an invasive plant species in many countries except North America but a cut-flower species worldwide. There is a need to generate and propagate goldenrod clones efficiently for research and commercial purposes. A callus induction and plantlet regeneration system was developed by studying the influence of explant type and different concentrations of plant growth regulators. The highest callus production from leaf segments was obtained on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS medium) supplemented with 1.0 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Adventitious shoots could be regenerated directly from leaf explants without an intermediate callus phase with the highest shoot induction percentage of 87.2%. The largest number of adventitious shoots per leaf explant (3.2) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L BA. MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA was the best medium for axillary shoot regeneration from nodal segments. The highest root number and longest roots occurred on half-strength MS without the addition of any growth regulator. Rooted plantlets were then transferred to a soil-based growth medium, placed in a greenhouse, and acclimatized with 100% success. All surviving plants grew normally without showing any morphological variation when compared to those grow from seed. This regeneration protocol may be used to produce certain biotypes of goldenrod suitable for genetic transformation, rapid propagation of goldenrod for commercial purposes or for screening fungi and toxins as potential biocontrol agents against this weed.
The structural configuration of bioretention plays an important role in the consumption and purification of nitrogen pollutants in rainfall runoff. Three layered bioretention tanks – 7#, 9#, and 10# – with artificial packing layers of fly ash mixing sand, blast furnace slag, and planting soil, respectively, were selected for intermittent and continuous operational tests. All load-reduction rates of nitrogen pollutants for intermittent running test exceeded 40% in three tanks, and tank 7# showed >70%. Moreover, the effluent pollutant concentration of 7# increased with time, whereas those of 9# and 10# fluctuated and then decreased slowly. The correlation model between TN removal and its influencing factors was established using the partial least regression method. Modeling analysis suggested that the filler type was the most important factor affecting TN removal. TN removal was positively correlated with packing factor and submerged zone height, while it was negatively correlated with antecedent dry time and influent loading. Soil pollutant original content and texture classification were detected before the continuous running test. The percentages of NO₃-N and NH₃-N accumulating in three facilities accounted for a total influent load of approximately 77% (7#), 61% (9#), and 43% (10#) when the exhaustion point was reached, demonstrating the relatively poor performance of planting soil.
Dynamic properties are vital for the working reliability of aft stern tube bearings. However, the determination of such properties currently involves several simplifications and assumptions. To obtain its dynamic characteristics accurately, the aft stern tube bearing was divided into several bearing segments. The oil film reaction force was considered in the calculation of shaft alignment, and the journal deflection and actual oil film thickness were obtained accordingly. Subsequently, the perturbed Reynolds equation was solved using the finite difference method when the dynamic characteristics of journal bearings with finite width were evaluated. Then, a calculation program was developed and verified by comparing with the results of other studies. Finally, the dynamic characteristics were calculated under different revolutions. The results showed that the stiffness at the vertical direction of the aft stern tube bearing was several times that of the horizontal direction and varied with the revolutions of the shafting system. These findings can provide the foundation for the precise calculation of the journal trajectory under dynamic conditions, as well as for the evaluation of the oil film thickness. Moreover, the results led to favorable conditions for the accurate calculation of the shafting whirling vibration
The multi-autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) distributed task allocation model of a contract net, which introduces an equilibrium coefficient, has been established to solve the multi-AUV distributed task allocation problem. A differential evolution quantum artificial bee colony (DEQABC) optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the multi-AUV optimal task allocation scheme. The algorithm is based on the quantum artificial bee colony algorithm, and it takes advantage of the characteristics of the differential evolution algorithm. This algorithm can remember the individual optimal solution in the population evolution and internal information sharing in groups and obtain the optimal solution through competition and cooperation among individuals in a population. Finally, a simulation experiment was performed to evaluate the distributed task allocation performance of the differential evolution quantum bee colony optimization algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the DEQABC algorithm converges faster than the QABC and ABC algorithms in terms of both iterations and running time. The DEQABC algorithm can effectively improve AUV distributed multi-tasking performance
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The effect of light on nitrate uptake by wheat roots

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Illuminating shoots stimulates nitrate uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘EM18’) roots. A method with a high time resolution (minutes), non-invasive technique, has enabled to measure the nitrate uptake time coarsely. The nitrate uptake by wheat roots increases in the light and decreases in the dark. The mechanism is thought to be via a signal carried in phloem, probably a sugar.
Although irrigation and temperature are predominant factors in tomato productivity in greenhouses, there is a lack of information on how these factors interact. Here, we examined single-factor responses and the interaction of three levels of irrigation (80, 100 and 120% of evapotranspiration) and two temperatures (normal temperature range of 13–30 °C and chilling temperature range of 4–24 °C) on growth, gas exchange, and antioxidant metabolism in relation to water uptake of pot-grown tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘No. 1 Jinpeng’). Lower growth was observed with the 80 and 120% irrigation levels than with the 100% treatment. Our results suggest that irrigation at 100% of evapotranspiration is the optimal level for ameliorating the chilling sensitivity of tomato, because this level of irrigation may enhance relative water content as well as nitrogen content to maintain the photosynthesis rate and reduce the damage to cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The adverse effects of 80 and 120% levels of irrigation might be attributable to a decreased photosynthesis rate and increased ROS accumulation, which would result in increased cell damage. Therefore, the use of irrigation at 100% of evapotranspiration is the best choice to support the acclimatization of tomato seedlings to chilling temperatures.
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