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The focus of this paper is on process planning for large parts manufacture in systems of definite process capabilities, involving the use of multi-axis machining centres. The analysis of machining heavy mechanical components used in off-shore constructions has been carried out. Setup concepts applied and operation sequences determined in related process plans underwent studies. The paper presents in particular a reasoning approach to setup sequencing and machine assignment in manufacturing large-size components of offshore constructions. The relevant reasoning mechanism within a decision making scheme on generated process plan is shown based on a case study derived from the offshore sector. Recommendations for manufacture of selected exemplary and typical parts were formulated
The abundance of birds and their tick parasites were estimated in a residential avian community located in the Mazurian Lake region (NE Poland). A total of 1624 passerine birds (representing 45 species) were captured, of which 25% were infested with at least one tick. All the ticks belonged to the species Ixodes ricinus. The highest tick infestation prevalence (>50%) were recorded for dunnock (Prunella modularis), tree pipit (Anthus trivialis), hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) and blackbird (Turdus merula). Changes in tick infestation prevalence of passerine birds are seasonal. June and September were the two months in which tick infestation rates were the highest. The percentage of birds that were tick carriers was significantly greater in mixed coniferous forest than in alder swamp forest (respectively 32% and 20% of birds were infested with ticks).
The aim of the study was to contribute the knowledge about the coincidence and species selectivity of bird parasites. The subject of our study were Chaffinches captured in Masurian Lake region (NE Poland) from 1996 to 1998. Each bird caught was visually examined for the presence of ticks. Birds' droppings and small volumes of birds' blood were collected in order to ascertain the presence of coccidia and blood parasites. Additionally the presence of bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi — the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis in birds' blood was measured with the nested-polymerase chain reaction method. In total amount of 225 Chaffinches were captured. 44% of them were infested by ticks belonging to Ixodes ricinus species (larvae and nymphs) only. Coccidia from genus Isospora were found in 80% (n = 35) of birds. Protozoans from genus Haemoproteus were ascertained in 53% (n = 59) of Chaffinches and bacteria B. burgdorferi was found in 12.7% (n = 166) of the birds. Three groups of parasites (I. ricinus, Isospora sp., Haemoproteus sp.) were found together in 26% (n = 38) of Chaffinches whereas only 5% of the birds had no parasite infection.
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